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| 1492-late 18th century. Colombus lands in 1492. Indigenous population wiped out. Primarily used as a strategic military stronghold. Once spain is on the mainland Cuba becomes economically backwater but militarily mainstage. Havana becomes meeting point for spanish fleet economic boom. Small luxury farms of tobacco, but no Cuban plantations. already being repopulated by slaves (20% free Africans). |
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| 1770s-1898. Spain wants to modernize Cuba and create a sugar plantation society which requires a shitload of Labor/money. Haiti's slave rebelion, overthrow of french imperialism, vaacum for Cuba's sugar production. A modernization through an already archaic slave/plantation society. 10 year war trying to shake off spanish domination. |
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| An amendment to the declaration of war on Spain signed April 19th 1898. it stated that the us would free cuba from spanish control without the intention of annexation. the US would only intervene for the sake of pacification. as promised in the teller amendment, the US evacuated in 1902. however, the platt amendment... |
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| 1853-1895. Separatist. 1878 He was exiled to spain and moved to NYC. His charisma unified and he sends his writings all over LA. in 1895 he declares Cuban independence and an end to racial distinctions in law. Shot in the beginning of the war. |
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| 1835-1908. general in the 10 years' war. worked with marti in NYC. new leader of the Cuban Revolutionary party post-marti. super US supported. elected in 1902. reelected in 1906 but resigned cause the liberals weren't into it. forcefully excluded the liberal party to get reelected. liberals revolted and used the platt amendmendment. first plattist intervention 06-09. |
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| 1838-1930. Sent to Cuba in 1896. by the end of the year controls the west side of the island. hella supressive. creates rural concentration camps. 1897, conservatives assassinated in Spain and liberals come to power. declare peaceful solution in cuba and weyler resigns. |
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Varela - Humanitarian reasons. elected to rep. cuba in spanish cortes. abolition of slavery with compensation. priest 1821.
Saco - Pushed for Abolition for nationalistic reasons. overwhelming black population. new econ system without black slave labor. need wage labor, small farms, intro white labors.
Slavery was in direct relation to spanish rule and wanted to reject it. |
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1868 leader of the 10 years' war. freed his slaves to fight for fatherland. against slavery but considered property.
Separatist. |
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Started by Cespedes in east. 1868-1878. small farmers. separatists. abolition of slavery. independence. many slaves joined and fought for freedom.
1878 treaty signed by spanish for concessions. gradual abolishion of slavery. autonomy. political reforms. relatively free press. under spanish rule. |
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| 1895- 1898 news stories whipped up excitement for the Spanish American war. portrayed cubans as helpless and need the US. Hearst v. pulitzer. whoever could be more controversial sold more papers. |
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| February 15th, 1898. US battleship Havana harbor to show off US navy might and settle the conflict with their presence. Ship blows, contemporarily considered accident, used to enter the war. means that spanish is no longer able to maintain its territories. some said that cubans blew it up to draw in the Americans. |
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| April 19th 1898. Attatched to the joint resolution that says that they will go into battle. article #4. Cubans have right to be free. demand spain relinquish throne to the cuban people. Will intervene to pacify cuba and then will cut out. if Maceo and Marti were alive they would've neighed. |
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| Pro US intervention to liberate Cuba from colonial opressors. thought the govt should go to the south and help domestic black people. concerned that US presence in Cuba would destroy the percieved racial democracy. |
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| Cuba was a good experiment in race relations. believed that slaves and masters lived together harmoniously. didn't see cuba as having racial tensions/violence. |
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| 1898 to 1902. needed to chill a few years until the cubans could rule themselves. Platt amend allowed to intervene post occupation if there was a hubbub. Afro-Cubans were guaranteed jobs in govt, never got'em. |
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| 1902-1933. Common nationalistic rhetoric of cuban for cubans. full of plattist amendment. US got to approve everything. hella sugar mills. foreign investment. backlash. ends in the rev. of 33 with the ousting of Machado. |
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| The early republic, still a colonial subject...now of the US. US interventions. sugar crashes 1920-21 and backlash. none of the promises of the revolution fulfilled. |
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| Examples Plattist Mentality |
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Estrada Palma's reelection, liberals revolt and US comes in for three years 06-09.
1912 Race war. Second US intervention.
1917 Menocal. third US intervention. |
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Magazine for Cuban women of color. voice of liberation for black women. linked afro-cuban woman to black cuban women in the US and caribbean. wanted black women to be edu. improve black women improve the race. racial unity. encourage black men to marry black women. closed in 1889, due to financial reasons. reappeared in 1910. new name. Minerva universal magazine ...
feminist section but also emphasized the importance of the black race in general. |
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central directory of the societies of color. started in 1887. moral and material well-being for people of color. wanted equality of races in public sphere, but respected white private sphere. laws passed during late 1880s gave blacks equality in edu. and desegregation.
Juan gilberto Gomez and Martin Morua delgado. |
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| cuba was racially divided. never elected to office. believed in mobility through edu. |
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| Elected to govt office. in favor of platt. saw cubans as one identity and thought race should be discarded. against race based parties. |
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| Black Methodist Church in Cuba... |
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| Pretty much started in 1898 and went to 1960s. never successful in cuba due to cultural and financial reasons. too catholic. those from the us couldn't break language/culture barrier. black methodists didn't have much money in general. companies which came into cuba from US backed the protestant curches. |
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| arrived in 1921. Jamaicans loved him, not really the cubans. Banned under machado in 1930 (Garvy's propaganda created prejudice in Cuba). after he visited no one gave a shit. |
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| Partido Independiente de Color |
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| 1906. race based party created by veterans. called for an increased afro presence in all positions. Called for progressive edu. 8-hour workday, land reforms, money for repatriation. faced with a lot of opposition because it was a race based. |
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| 1910. passed by congress. made racebased political parties unconstitutional. PIC banned. tried to appeal amendment (in Cuba and US) and failed. |
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| 1912. PIC resorted to force to get Morua appealed and the US to intervene. 2,000-5,000 dead only 16 soldiers. US intervene to protect US citizens and property. Consequences: no race based parties. issues surrounding national identity. not discussed, ignoring racial issues at the time. |
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Fernando Ortiz.
Tobacco: Small white farmers on Vargas. Intro by indians, adapted by whites, sold to blacks. not labor intensive. white salaried employed. "Liberal, organic, and basic." nationalistic.
Sugar: large plantations. slaves. stratification. mulatto. foreign capital and ownership. |
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| 1903 wrote Los negros Brujos. Afro's predisposed to crime due to african traditions with santeria and witchcraft. Did a turnaround and celebrated afro cuban traditions. became afro ethnomusicologist. |
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| regeneration and backlash of 1920s |
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| dance of millions...sugar drops. peeps are devasted and demand the unfulfilled promises of the revolution. veterans and intelectuals call for removal of platt amendment. diversification of economy. clean politics. freedom of press and association. |
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| 1925-33. Used regeneration as campaign slogan. Cubans optomistic. early reforms. diverse agro. new tech in schools. protected small farmers. appointed black dudes to govt. 1929, stock market crashes and things go sour for machado. instituted strict regulations to his opposition, censored press, persecuted commies, assassinations and kidnaping. discontent increased. 1929 was assassinated in Mexico by Machado cause he was communist exile. |
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| us ambassador to Cuba in 1933. US doesn't want to militarily intervene and tells machado to leave. Machado rejects but gets kicked out. |
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| Under Batista and president grau without US support. abrogated Platt amendment, reorganized political parties, women's sufferage, university autonomy, labor reforms, cubans got 50% of all employment. |
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1933-52. de facto mil. leader from 33-40. then elected democratically 40-44. overthrows Prio Soccaras in 52 and retains power until 59 (unpopularly).
in 33: welles approaches batista and tells him that grau will not last and he must overthrow grau with US help. every branch is under mil. control. populist reformer. great opposition to batista. alliance formed between Batista and communist party cause he allowed them to be. |
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Assembly Batista, Commies, Autenticos. Belated achievment of 1933. ideal document. an ideal used by castro to crush batista cause he never fulfilled it. progressive but not enforced
Granted:
labor reform labor laws and public education.
8 hour day, 40 hour week, 1 month paid holiday, pension, accident compensation, freedom of association, elections, sufferage universal over 20, racial groups banned. |
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| 1940s. angered citizens that the 1940 constitution had no effect. political groups supressed labor organizers, urban terrorism. when batista overthrew autenticos didn't need gangsters to do his dirty work. this left a space for students to organize and take down batista. |
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