the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the Caliphate (661–750 ce), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom (reflecting traditional Muslim disapproval of the secular nature of the Umayyad state). 

were a Shia[4] dynasty which originated from Lahijan in Gilan.[5] They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries. During the 10th and 11th centuries, just prior to the invasion of the Seljuq Turks, the Buyids were the most influential dynasty in the Middle East.[6] 

Ghaznavid

 dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turk origin,[1] which ruled parts of Syria and northern Iraq on behalf of the Seljuk Empire.[2] 

 emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s 

dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane). The period of Timurid rule was renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia.

After Timur’s death (1405), his conquests were divided between two of his sons: Mīrānshāh (died 1407) received Iraq, Azerbaijan, Moghān, Shīrvān, and Georgia, while Shāh Rokhwas left with Khorāsān.

empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia. One of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries, it spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At its height the empire included most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna, including modern Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia, Romania, Greece, and Ukraine; Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Egypt; North Africa as far west as Algeria; and most of the Arabian Peninsula. The term Ottoman is a dynastic appellation derived from Osman (Arabic: ʿUthmān), the nomadic Turkmen chief who founded both the dynasty and the empire. 

Iranian dynasty whose establishment of Shīʿite Islām as the state religion of Iran was a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country. 

ruler of the Muslim community. When the Prophet Muhammad died (June 8, 632 ce), Abū Bakr succeeded to his political and administrative functions as khalīfah rasūl Allāh, “successor of the Messenger of God,” but it was probably under ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, the second caliph, that the term caliph came into use as a title of the civil and religious head of the Muslim state 

in the Islāmic empire of the Caliphate, land granted to army officials for limited periods in lieu of a regular wage. 

 record of the traditions or sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, revered and received as a major source of religious law and moral guidance, second only to the authority of the Qurʾān, the holy book of Islam 

is the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophetMuhammad and interpretations of the Quran 

Shiite

member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, distinguished from the majority Sunnis. member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, distinguished from the majority Sunnis.

Early development

Early in the history of Islam, the Shīʿites were a political faction (Arabic shīʿat ʿAlī, “party of ʿAlī”) that supported the power of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (the fourth caliph [khalīfah, successor of Muhammad]) and, later, of his descendants.

according to the Qurʾān, moral or spiritual authority 

a chapter in the sacred scripture of Islam, the Qurʾān. Each of the 114 surahs, which vary in length from several pages to several words, encompasses one or more revelations received by Muhammad from Allah (God).  

 the sacred scripture of Islam and, for all Muslims, the very word of God, revealed through the agency of the archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. 

Arabic-speaking nomadic peoples of the Middle Eastern deserts, especially of North Africa, theArabian Peninsula, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Syria, and Jordan. 

the Prophet Muhammad’s migration (ad 622) from Mecca to Medina in order to escape persecution 

small shrine located near the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca and considered by Muslims everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth. Muslims orient themselves toward this shrine during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian, and cherish the ambition of visiting it on pilgrimage, or hajj, 

member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire from the late 14th century to 1826 

slave soldier, a member of one of the armies of slaves that won political control of several Muslim states during the Middle Ages. Under the Ayyūbid sultanate, Mamlūk generals used their power to establish a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 151 

 A distinctive architectural feature of mosques, generally a tall spire with an onion-shaped or conical crown. The main function of the minaret is to provide a vantage point from which the call to prayer

is a veil that covers the head and chest, which is particularly worn by a Muslim female. Muslim women wear it as a symbol of modesty, privacy and morality.

were a powerful merchant tribe that descended Ishmael and controlled Mecca and its Ka'aba. Muhammad was born into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe.

the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the Caliphate (661–750 CE), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom.  Was a largely merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centered at Mecca.

Hashim was the great-grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the progenitor of the Banu Hashim clan of the distinguished Quraish tribe in Mecca.

is a term for the confessional communities in the Ottoman Empire. It refers to the separate legal courts pertaining to "personal law" under which communities

was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states, or its chief official

Is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century.

were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards. 

are five basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life.

was a Turkish nationalist reform party in the early 20th century, favoring reformation of the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire.

is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation.

was a man from Mecca who unified Arabia into a single religious polity underIslam. Believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God, Muhammad is almost universally considered by Muslims as the last prophet sent by God to mankind.

was a daughter of prophet and Khadijah, wife of Ali and mother of Hasan and Hussein

He is the son of Ali and Fatimah. The latter is the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. After his father's death, he briefly succeeded him as the righteous Caliph (head of state),

was the son ofAli ibn Abi Ṭalib. Hussein is highly regarded by Shia Muslims because he refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I,[6] theUmayyad caliph because he considered the rules of the Umayyads unjust.

was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs(rulers) in history. He succeeded Abu (632–634) as the second Rashid of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634.

was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. He is the third of the Sunni Rashidun or "Rightly Guided Caliphs".

was a senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632–634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death

established the Umayyad Dynasty of the caliphate,[1][2] and was the second caliph from the Umayyad clan.

 were an influential family from Balkh in Bactria where they were originally Buddhists, and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad.

was an atabeg of Turkish descent, ruler of Mosul, Aleppo, Hama, and Edessa and founder of the Zengid dynasty. In 1130 Zengi allied with Taj al-Mulk Buri of Damascus against the crusaders

was the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition against the European Crusaders in the Levant

was the sixth Fatimid caliph. Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of Shia Ismaili religions

as an 11th-centuryIsmaili preacher and early leader of the Druze faith who was labeled a heretic in 1016 and subsequently executed by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his demise.

was the leader of the Ottoman Turks, and the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman State. Osman announced the independence of his own small kingdom from the Seljuk Turks in 1299, and was acclaimed the Khan of the Kayihan tribe.

sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 who not only undertook bold military campaigns that enlarged his realm but also oversaw the development of what came to be regarded as the most characteristic achievements of Ottoman civilization in the fields of law, literature, art, and architecture.