Term
| When did the Ottoman Empire BEGIN? |
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Definition
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Term
| What areas did the Ottoman Empire OCCUPY? |
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Definition
| All of the Middle East from the Balkans in the Northwest to the Hijaz in the South, going into North Africa as far as Egypt, Libya, Tunisis, and Algeria. |
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Term
| Where did the Ottoman Empire ORIGINATE? |
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Definition
| Northwest Anatolia,near Constantinople |
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Term
| What are the DATES and IMPORTANCE for the FIRST PERIOD of the OTTTOMAN EMPIRE? |
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Definition
| 1280-1566, Era marken by unprecedented growth in the power, prestige, and territorial size of the empire. |
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Term
| The Ottoman Empires FIRST PERIOD rulers were known as? |
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Definition
| Capable administers, successful military commanders, and wise rulers. |
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Term
| During what period did the OTTOMAN EMPIRE become known as the "gunpowder empire"? |
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Definition
| First Period, which led them to be excellent in military tactics and technology, conquering lands in Europe and the Middle East |
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Term
| When were JANISSARIES created? |
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Definition
| First Period of the Ottoman Empire, highly disciplined, well-trained corps of infantrymen, whom were drafted into the service of the empire at childhood and were raised as either future administrators or soldiers. |
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Term
| How were the JANISSARIES equiped and what tactics did they use? |
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Definition
| provided with firearms and "used phalanx tactics to combine massed musket firepower with artillery." |
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Term
| What are the DATES and IMPORTANCE of the SECOND Period of the Ottoman Empire? |
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Definition
| 1566-1800's, requent military defeats, and territorial retreats, and retrenchment, administrative decay, and industrial under-development, most territory reversals occurred in Europe |
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Term
| In what year did the OTTOMAN Empire fail to capture Vienna? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHO and WHEN did the OTTOMAN EMPIRE secede Hungary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the CONSQUENCE for the 1718 Treaty for the OTTOMAN EMPIRE? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what WAR, and WHO did the OTTOMAN EMPIRE loss to in 1774? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what YEAR and to WHO did the OTTOMAN EMPIRE loss EGYPT? |
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Definition
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Term
| What VICTORY did the OTTOMAN EMPIRE have in its SECOND PERIOD? |
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Definition
| Took the Greek provinces from Venice in 1715 |
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Term
| What is/are the REASON(S) for the start of the FALL of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE in the SECOND PERIOD? |
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Definition
| sultans didn’t change method of warfare for 200 years |
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Term
| What is IMPORTANT about the JANISSARIES in the SECOND PERIOD? |
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Definition
| Janissaries pursued personal interests, killed part of the royal family. Consquently the Sultan killed them all, and created a new army in 1826. |
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Term
| What are the DATES and IMPORTANCE for the THIRD PERIOD of the OTTOMAN EMPIRE? |
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Definition
| 19th Century until the fall, Became increasingly clear that the empire as a whole and the dynasty in particular were inflicted with a systemic malaise, which neeed fundamental reforms. |
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Term
| What is the name of the NEW ORDER set by Sultan Salam and what YEAR was it instuited? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was NIZAM-I JEDID inspired by? |
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Definition
| inspired by French revolution achievements |
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Term
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Definition
| Ottoman cavalry, ethnic Turks who owned land within imperial borders. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ottoman sultan’s personal troops and bodyguards, highly trained infantrymen, future administrators or soldiers |
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Term
| What are the DIVISONS within the OTTOMAN EMPIRE? |
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Definition
| Central System (Military Administration), Provinical Goverance (Civil Administration) |
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Term
| What are the DIVISIONS within the CENTRAL SYSTEM in the OTTOMAN EMPIRE? |
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Definition
| House of Osman, The Divan, Governor (Beys), and Imperial Government |
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Term
| What is the HOUSE OF OSMAN? |
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Definition
| composed of Sultan and his own people (book keepers, etc). The crown typically passed to the son of a sultan, but the hereditary system changed often and was inconsistently applied. |
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Term
| What is THE DIVAN and WHAT is it made of? |
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Definition
| a council where the viziers met and debated the politics of the empire. Led by the Grand Vizier. Made up of Political (Clergy), Military and Administrative Elite. |
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Term
| What is the GOVERNORS (BEYS)? |
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Definition
| hereditary rulers of these territories were known as beys and many of the continued to rule under the suzerainty of the Ottoman sultans. The term bey came to be applied not only to these former rulers but also to new governors appointed where the local leadership had been eliminated. |
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Term
| What is the IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT and when was it added? |
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Definition
| The Imperial Government was added during the Second Constitutional Era. The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) was in the power; most of the ministers were from CUP. |
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Term
| What is the PROVINICAL GOVERANCE and what is it made up of? |
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Definition
| Civil Administration, which administered the kazas which were administrated by the qadi. |
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Term
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Definition
| Civil and judicial administration was carried out under a separate parallel system of small municipal or rural units. |
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Term
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Definition
| Townspeople, villagers and farmers who formed a lower class. |
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Term
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Definition
| Under Ottoman rule the major religious groups were allowed to establish their own self-governing communities each retaining its own religious laws, traditions, and language under the general protection of the sultan. Millets were led by religious chiefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the Islamic states that were formerly under the Islamic caliphate or community of arabs. |
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Term
| What EMPIRES were occupying the MIDDLE EAST before MOHAMMED? |
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Definition
| Sassinads, in the Northeastern Arabia and the Byzantine Empire in North. |
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Term
| What RELIGION were the SASSANIDS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What RELIGION was the BYZANTINES? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the THREE COMMUNITIES in PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIA? |
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Definition
| Urban, Small and Isolated Villages, and Bedoins |
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Term
| What was an URBAN COMMUNTY in PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIA? |
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Definition
| markets and political institutions |
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Term
| What are BEDOINS in PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the SIGNIFIANCE of Mecca and the Medina Period for Mohammed? |
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Definition
| In Mecca, at first Mohammed was thrown out because of religious opposition. Im Medina, Mohammed was asked to start a new order and rose to great power. Then started conquering the land around him and eventually took over Mecca. |
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Term
| What was the BALFOUR DECLARATION? |
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Definition
| A letter that stated the British Government supported the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, as well as express thier desire to try with the best of thier abilities. Also, stated how the British would divide the Ottoman Empire to accommodate Jewish homeland. |
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Term
| WHEN was the BALFOUR DECLARATION and WHO authored it? |
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Definition
| 1917 and Arthur Balfour, the UK's Foreign Secretary |
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Term
| What was the SYKES-PICOT TREATY? |
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Definition
| was a secret understanding between the governments of Britain and France defining their respective spheres of post-World War I influence and control in the Middle East (then under Ottoman control), after the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire. |
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Term
| WHEN was the SYKES-PICOT TREATY? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the HUSSEIN-MCMAHON CORRESPONDENCE? |
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Definition
| during World War I was a 1915-1916 exchange of letters between the Sharif of Mecca, Husayn bin Ali, and Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt, concerning the future political status of the Arab lands of the Middle East, where the United Kingdom was seeking to bring about an armed revolt against the Ottoman Empire, a German ally during the War. |
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Term
| WHEN was the HUSSEIN-MCMAHON CORRESPONDENCE? |
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Definition
| during World War I was a 1915-1916 |
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Term
| What was the ANGLO-AMERICAN COMMISSION? |
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Definition
| Was a commission in 1946 that was made up of British and Americans,that were trying to resolve the issues of immigration, land, employment and statehood |
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Term
| What were the RECOMMENDATIONS of the ANGLO-AMERICAN COMMISSION?(1 and 2) |
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Definition
-Palestine does not have enough land for all the Jews who want to come.
-100,000 Immigrantion Permits granted to Jews in Transition Camps |
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Term
| What were the RECOMMENDATIONS of the ANGLO-AMERICAN COMMISSION?(3 and 4) |
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Definition
-Palestin should be a Bi-National State w/ a Democratic, equal representation.
-Jerusalem should be a trust under a Trustee Board |
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Term
| What were the RECOMMENDATIONS of the ANGLO-AMERICAN COMMISSION?(5 and 6) |
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Definition
-In the future, Immigration bases on a compromise btw Jews and Arabs.
-Race Discrimination outlawed in Jobs. |
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Term
| How MANY RECOMMENDATIONS were there in the ANGLO-AMERICAN COMMISSION? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHEN was the FIRST UN Partition Plan? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT was the 1947 UN Partition Plan? |
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Definition
| The plan would have partitioned the territory of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, with the Greater Jerusalem area, encompassing Bethlehem, coming under international control. The British proposed a Palestine divided between a Jewish and an Arab State, but in time changed their position and sought to limit Jewish immigration from Europe to a minimum. |
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Term
| What was the result of the FAILURE of the 1947 UN Partition Plan? |
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Definition
| 1948 Arab-Israeli War. "The War of Independece" |
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Term
| WHO like the 1947 UN Partition Plan and WHO did not? |
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Definition
| Zionist for, Arabs Against |
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Term
| Why did the ARABS not like the 1947 UN Partition Plan? |
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Definition
| It gave the more profitable and fertile land to the Jews. |
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Term
| WHAT was the UN RESOLUTION of 242? |
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Definition
| was adopted unanimously by the UN Security Council in the aftermath of the Six Day War. |
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Term
| WHEN was the UN RESOLUTION of 242? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHAT did UN RESOLUTION of 242 call for? |
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Definition
-Recignition of all parties
-Return of Captured Territory
-Cease-Fire |
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Term
| WHO suggested the TWIN PILLAR POLICY? |
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Definition
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Term
| What AREA did the TWIN PILLAR POLICY originate for? |
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Definition
| SE Asia, but later applied to the Middle East. |
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Term
| WHAT was the TWIN PILLAR POLICY? |
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Definition
-Iran to be a Regional Policeman and US give military equipment and tactics.
-Saudia Arabia keeping oil at reasonable price and available to the wast/ US will sell military equipment and come to assitance of Saudi Arabia. |
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Term
| WHAT did NIXON give to the SHAH of IRAN? |
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Definition
| A blank check for equipment. A grant of 12.6 Billion from 1970-1976. |
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Term
| What were the REASONS for the SHAH FALL? |
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Definition
| -"White Revolution", Brutual Tactics against dissenters, Creation of Savak, Iran GDP dropping 60% and high unemployment. |
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Term
| What was the WHITE REVOLUTION? |
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Definition
| Westernized reforms within Iran by the Shah that was moving to quickly for the people to change. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shah's secret police aganist dissenters. |
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Term
| What lead to the KHOMEINI ASSUMING POWER? |
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Definition
| -People in Iran believe that Iran is a puppet of the US, Brutual Tactics against dissenters, Shah being closed off to only his closey allys. |
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Term
| WHEN and WHO were at the CAMP DAVID ACCORDS? |
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Definition
| were signed by Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin on September 17, 1978 |
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Term
| What were the TERMS of the CAMP DAVID ACCORDS? |
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Definition
| The first agreement was a framework for negotiations to establish an autonomous self-governing authority in the West Bank and the Gaza strip and Associated Principles" declared principles that should apply to relations between Israel and all of its Arab neighbors. The second agreement outlined a basis for the peace treaty 6 months later, in particular deciding the future of the Sinai peninsula. |
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Term
| What were the terms of 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty? |
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Definition
-Egypt gets back Sinai
-Israel gets peaced w/Egypt |
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Term
| WHEN was the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is SHUTTLE DIPLOMACY? |
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Definition
| the use of a third party to serve as an intermediary or mediator between two parties who do not talk directly. The third party travels between the two primary parties (or, "shuttles") between the two primary parties. Is often used when the two primary parties do not formally recognize each other but still want to negotiate. |
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Term
| WHO was SHUTTLE DIPLOMACY made famous by and HOW? |
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Definition
| Kissinger, participated in shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East and in the People's Republic of China. |
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Term
| WHO does GANGSTER COWBOY refer to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| State main actor in economcs, indirectly through regulation, tariffs, quotas. State ownds Economic establisments. |
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Term
| WHEN was STATEISM started? |
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Definition
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Term
| WHY STATEISM in the Middle East? |
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Definition
-No industial base such as manufacturing, and banking systems
-Nationalism running strong such as Sadat and Batah Party (Suspious about private sector)
-Import Substitution Industralization (ISI) |
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Term
| WHAT is Import Substitution Industralization (ISI)? |
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Definition
-Importing industry from other countries. Ex. Oil Companies
-Goal was to eventually take the western idustries to produce own domestic needs. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blank Check to the Shah of Iran |
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Term
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Definition
| corporations that come in and extract and export oil in return for some royalties given to the country |
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