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| Selim was a very modern man and a reformist ruler. He was planning to modernise the Ottoman Empire. When he was acceded, his people revealed their respect to him and they were very hopeful about his administrations. The Ottoman people hoped that this young modern sultan would have brought back the victorious days of the empire. |
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(1808-1839)
Reforms the army(kills janesaries, european military officers, new educational facilities, and old military abolished).
Creates a modern bureaucracy. |
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| (1839-1876)A turkish movement to establish a Ottoman identity. Also infused western ideas |
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1839-tanzimat
*security of life, honor, property
*regular system of assessing taxes
*regular system of conscription
*Tax farming abolished |
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| Islahat Fermani or Hatt-Humayan |
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tanzimat
*Declared the equality and freedom of religion
*Undermined millet system- upset ulema. Christians now conscripted
*Intended to foster national Ottoman identity |
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| Tanzimat reform. Created common Ottoman citizenship not dependant on religion or ethnicity. |
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| Tanzimat reform. Aimed at increasing tax revenues while replacing local rule by notables with centralized administration, the code reaffirmed prior laws pertaining to land, updated some old terminology, and introduced two major innovations that, by permitting individuals to possess large areas of land |
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(1876-1909)
*Return of autocratic rule
*Pan-Islamism as state policy-Europeans look upon him as the Caliph |
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*State reform required a huge influx of cash
*Expendeture increse
*State takes out European loans (massive amounts)
*60% of income devoted to debt
*bankruptcy (1876)
*Creation of public debt administration |
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1877-78
*Loss of Balkin provinces
*Loss of Cyprus |
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(1805-1848)
*Return of Ottoman governance of Egypt-Albanian
*Named governor in 1805
*The father of modern Egypt?
*Ottoman vs. Arab identity- low opinion of Egypt.Sees himself as purely Ottoman. |
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| Made on Mehemd ali. Army can’t be bigger than 100,000. Allows others to sell things as egyptians removing them as competitive. Industry collapses and tax-farming returns. Beginning of new dynasty |
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(1863-1879)
Education
*Dar al-Ulum, 1868 School of Languages, 1871 National Library, Teacher training school
Law
*Creation of Mixed Courts-handle all cases between Egyptians and Europeans
*Shariya(Islamic law) pushed out of public sphere.
*islamic law only applies to marriage, divorce, and inheritance |
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(1879-1882)
*1882 revolt of Ahmad Urabi in dislike of european puppet
*Egyptian colonel of peaseant origen
*Represents native Egyptians
*Called for financial independence and constitution
*Supportes by army, reformist notables, and peasants
*Throw of Tawfiq
*1882 British occupy Egypt |
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(1839-97)
*European success due to Muslim weakness
*Islam as a civilization rather than as a religion
*Emphasis on unity of Islamic Umma
*Problem of sectarianism- division in Islam schools, shiite, sunni
*Politocal factions/dynasties-division of Muslim comunity by politics
*Reform of belief and practice-not adding returning to origional
*Trancendence and reason
*Ijtihad vs. Taqlid- emphasis on exerting your powers of reason versus blind following
*Islam as action, not passive resignation |
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(1849-1905)- Most important scholar
*Inner decay of Muslim society
*Islam and modernity fully compatible
*Qualified support of modern change
*Morality versus reason
*Islamic law versus European law
*Islamic education versus missionary education
*Quran, hadith, and ijtihad as sources for law
*Critiques of taqlid and sufism
*Attempts to reform al-Azhar
*Creation of modern Muslims depends on modern ulema
God commands you to use you mind. Do not believe something merely because you were told to. Still has great resonance |
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| emphasis on exerting your powers of reason versus blind following |
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(1844-96)
*Orator for Ahmad Urabi
*Idea of the Watan
*National education, national character
*British ocupation as foil
*nationalism as anti-colonialism
*British view of autonomous communities |
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(1874-1908)
*Opponent of British occupation
*Believed in Egyptian nation as part of larger whole
*Reference to Pharonic past
Victory of Japan over Russia in 1905-symbolic as east beat west |
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(June 1906)
*British hunting pigeons(domestic). Shoot the wife of a preacher. British put a bunch of people on trial
*Trial results in executions of four and the conviction of 32
*Sparks formation of political parties |
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| Committee of Union and Progress |
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Created in response to Abdul Hamid in Egypt.
*Restoration of constitution
*Restriction of sultan’s power- he is keeping army from modernization
*Restoration of ottoman military tradition |
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(1876-1924)
Turkish Nationalist
*Believes Turkish characer diluted- Turkish identity seperate from islam and before Islam
*Revival of Turkish
*Turkish, Islamic, European identity |
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| 1913 Arab Paris Conference |
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Called for de-centralization of Ottoman empire. Want provincial autonomy. Want Arab recruits to serve in home province
*Formation of “Decentralization Party”
*Not popular until the end of WWI |
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Wrote “The Liberation of Women”(1899)
*Need for educated women- British occupation will liberate women. Follower of Abduh. Arguing against traditional roles for women
*Veiling encourages ignorance- women need modern education
*Liberation of nation begins with liberation of the household |
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| Husayn-McMahon correspondence |
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| Aggreement between Britian and Husayn. Following WWI Husayn will get greater syria. In actuality Syria was promised to france in th Sikes/Picot aggreement |
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| Britain and France will divide Syria following WWI. |
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| Britain after feeling some pressure from the Zionists and seeing it as a opportunity to ally with the US and bolshevicks state that a Jewish state needs to be created in palestine. |
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(d. 1931)
Leads the arab revolt and syria |
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