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| The science of the words and deeds of the prophet. |
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| chain of transmission. Evaluating the chain to see if a particular Hadith is valid. |
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| independant judgement on Hadith |
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| (consensus) Coming to agreement on things for example coffee. Many different opinions published because of no actual consensus. |
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| School of theology. Use of reason in reading revelation. Trying to defend revelation from critiques with reason. Only God is eternal not Quran which was debated. Thought that the Quaran should not be read literally. |
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| School of theology. Legalists. Critiques of Sufism. God is absolutely unknowable. Reason has no place there. |
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| A mystical path to know God. Critiqued royal culture and secular power. Sufi Orders all over the world by the 10th century. Sympathetic to other religious traditions. Rejected legal formalism. |
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| Suffi leader symbolized the antagonist relationship between suffi's and secular power. Violates the idea of "oneness of God" by stating we are one in the same. States "I am the truth" |
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| His thoughts were framed by chaos. Had a spiritual crisis and converted to Islam. Philosopher and renewer of the faith. |
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| 1240. Philosopher. Has revelation that Kaaba is where material and spiritual world come together. Known for his veiws of "Unity of being" "wahdat al-wujid" and emanationist physics "al-insan al-kamil" These views got him accussed of herasy. |
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| Temochin United Mongol and Turkish tribes. 1206 became great khan "Chingiz Khan" Father of Mongol empire. |
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| Chagatai, Ogedai, and Jochi |
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| Sons of chingis khan whom the empire was divided among. |
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| Takes Baghdad in 1258 and kills caliph. |
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| 1260 Mamluks defeat Mongols. Marks end of Mongol encroachment in Syria |
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(1255-1353)
*Post Mongul recovery
*Continuation of Iqtaa
*Final conversions of Monguls from Buddhism to Islam |
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1370-
*Timur Ling or Tamerlane (1336-1495)
*Claims succession of Chagatai line in Samerqand
*Extent of conquests
*Iran. Russia, North India, Ottoman Turkey, Damascus
*Frgmantation after death |
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(1252-1334) Beginning of Safavid Dynasty.
*Sunni Sufi religious leaders-religious movement
*Preached against domination of Uymaqs(military govenors) |
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(1487-1524)
*Claimed decent from 7th Imam ans that he was a reincarnation of Ali
*Declared himself Shah in Tabriz (1501)
*Defeated by Ottomans (Chaldiran 1514)
*Attempt to combat fragmentation of state power
*Fostered Shiisd
*Government organized under wakil
*Use of iqtaa (tuyul land grants
Expansion of Qizilbash/tribal power
*Creation of post Sadr as head of legal/religious institutions |
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1514
Battle fought by Sha Ismael against the Ottomans (selim "the grim"). He lost. |
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(1588-1629)
*Stabilizes Eastern Frontier (defeats Oxbegs)
*Defeats Ottoman Army in West by 1607
*Pushes Porteguese out of mediterranean
*Defeats rebel Qizilbash tribes
*Creation of slave army (ghulam)
*Cavalry, artillery, infantry with muskets
*Reorganzation of landholdings |
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-Site of royal patronage
-Merchants and politicians from Armenia, India
-Creation of royal bazaars
-Merchants from around the empire
-Carpets
-Population transfers |
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(1320-1413)-A Delhi Sultinate
-Cultivated ties with Hindu community
-Hindus in military/administration
-Celebration of local festivals
-Permitted the construction of Hindu temples
-Fostered Islamic identity
-Supporter of Sunni orthodoxy
-Emphasized identity as Muslim Ghazi(warriors)
-Recognized authority of Abbasid caliphIndian Islam
*20-25% convert
*characterized by variety and syncretism
*Sultans brought Sunni ulama into state- Islamic law
*Sufism(mystical) more important at popular level
emphasis n Ibn Arabi’s wahdat al-wujid (unity of being)-God is everywhere
spiritual attitude more important than specific practices
shared beliefs with Hinduism (ontological monism or pantheism)
Use of vernacular languages-less emphasis on Arabic and Persian
*Conversion accompanied by social change
*lower caste, lower class conversion- Muslims escape caste system by conversion |
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(1526-30)-Mughal Empire
*Descendant of Timur and Chingiz Khan
*Based in Farghanah valley in Afghanistan
*1526 Battle of Panipat defats Sultan Ibrhim Lodi- end of Delhi’s and begins empire
*Establishes himself in Delhi |
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Conquered people left in power by emperor given...
Zat-Ranking
Sawar- Number of troops brought to battle
Jagir- Land grants similar to Iqtaa. Given a salary but don’t neccisrily live on that land and it rotates to maintain dependancy. |
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| local lords in empire become govenors and tax collectors |
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| land grants under Akbar in Mughal empire. |
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*Mansabdar system
*Conflict with ulema
*Confiscation and redistribution of pious land grants- distibuted among hindu leaders as well
*Defense of sufi syncretism
*Abolished jizya on Hindus
*Celebrated Hindu holidays (diwali)
*Declared that Mughal emperor was source of religious authority- upset law scholars(ulema)
*Ulema revolt of 1579-80- aided by war lords. defeated.
Zat ranking- tells importance to state with salary
Sawar ranking- number of troops you must bring to battle
*Jagir- Land grants similar to Iqtaa. Given a salary but don’t neccisrily live on that land and it rotates to maintain dependancy.
Akbar reforms land revenue system in 1560’s
*Standardization of weights, measures
*regularization of taxation- regularize state income and eliminate rural uprising
*Madad-i Ma’ash land grants
Personally engaged in religious enquiry
*Eclectic, non-sectarian forms of worship |
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(1564-1624)
the Naqshbandi reaction
*Response to Bhakti and Alfi movements, Akbar’s syncrtism
*Need to reform political leadership
*superiority of shari’ah over mystical practice- bring some orthodoxy back
*Critique of Ibn Arabi (unity of witness--wahdut al-shuhud close to God)-distance between you and god |
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(1628-58)-Mughal
*Influenced by revivalists (Naqshbandi influence)
*prohibits church building
*Public celebration of Islamic festivals (mawlid al-nabi- birth of prophet)
*State sponsorship of Hajj
*Movement of capital from Agra to Delhi |
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(1605-27)
*Continued Akbar’s religious tolerance
*Response to Bhakti and Alfi movements, Akbar’s syncrtism
*Need to reform political leadership
*superiority of shari’ah over mystical practice- bring some orthodoxy back
*Critique of Ibn Arabi (unity of witness--wahdut al-shuhud close to God)-distance between you and god |
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son of Jahan. Lost in war of succession.
*Favored return to Akbar’s intellectual tradition
*Member of Qadiri order
*Translated Hindu Upanishads into Persian
*Beleaved essence of Hinduism/Islam the same
*”The mingling of the two Oceans” (Majma’ al-Bahrayn)
*executed |
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(1658-1707)Son of Jihan. wins war of succession.
*Personal Piety
*Naqshbandi
*Student of Islam
*Reversed policy of religious tolerance
*1659 forbade drinking, gambling, prostitution, opium
*1657-61 recognized by Imam
*1668 banned music
*1679 resumed taxes on Hindus
*Favor and patronage returned to Ulema
*Codification of official legal opinions |
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(1281-1324)Beginning of Ottomans
*1326 capture of Bursa
*1345 capture of Gallipoli
*Entrance of Turkish migrants into Europe
*1389 Battle of Kosovvo- Major area of empire Balkins |
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| Mehmed II “the conqueror” |
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*1453 conquered Constantinople-remaining Byzantine
*1456 Trabzon conquered
*1463-1479 Ottoman-Venetian war
*Istanbul as capital city
*Amaizing phsychological effect
*Economic development
*Administrative development |
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(1515-1520)
*1514 Battle of Chaldiran- fighting other turkish tribes and is questionable
*1516-17 defeat the mamluks in syria, Egypt and Hijaz. Invest money in Mecca and medina. Protectors of religion. *Support Hajj caravan.
*1517 Ottomans take Sawakin, Aden, Yemen(coffee) |
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| Suleyman “The Lawgiver” (The Magnificant) |
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1520-1566
*1521 Captured Belgrade
*1522 Captured Rhodes
*1529/1532 Besigned Vienna
*Conquest of North Africa
*Codification of kanun- secular law
*1571 the Battle of Lepanto- Christians won. But did not end the empire. Beggening indications of the end of ottoman miltitary prestige
*1683 Second Siege of Vienna- Begins a war bewtween Ottomans and Austrian
1699 Treaty of Karlowitz- Lose Eastern Europe Territory pushed to other side of Danube. Pushed out of Balkins. |
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ottomans
*form of salary
*Important people salary but must have soldiers and have administrative duties
* Title can not be handed down to children |
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Ottomans(tax-farming)
*Rights to revenue, not governence
*collect money for state and keep excess
*used by central gov to pay salaried army |
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Bad Sultans for a long time
*Population Growth- Recovery from plague
*Massive Inflation- Due to influx of precious metals
*Little Ice Age
*Collapse of Timar system
*Iltizam-Stop showing up to battle and start handing land down to children.
*tahris- survey system. Not efficient/not being done |
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