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| Key early victory for Muhammad in 624. Muhammad troops were outnumbered 3 to 1. |
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| The first pillar of Islam. Accepting monotheism and accepting Muhammad as God's messenger |
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| The second pillar of Islam. This consists of five daily prayers made while facing Mecca. |
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| The third pillar of Islam. This is the practice of giving charity, 2.5% of your wealth, if you can afford it. |
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| This is the 4th pillar of Islam. This represents the required fasting during Ramadan. |
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| This is the 5th pillar of Islam. This states that everyone should make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once. |
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| Some think of this as the sixth pillar of Islam. Literally translates to the word struggle. This represents the religious war with those that do not believe in Muhammad, one's internal struggle to have faith, or the need to build a good Islamic society. This is used to justify modern terrorist acts against the west. |
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| The central religious text of Islam. It is considered to literally be the word of God. |
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This is the moral code and religious law of Islam. It is currently used in Saudi Arabia and Iran and other areas. Often also used as a supplement to national law. 1 Quran
• primary revelation from god
• primarily deals with social issues
2 Sunnah
• hadiths
• values of Muhammad
• not every statement and value can be traced back
3 Qiyas
• means analogy
4 Ijma
• means consensus
• if every scholar thinks something is true than it is a law
5 ijtihad
• interpretation to apply to present situations
• this concept began to decline over time |
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| The messenger and last prophet of God. The founder of the religion of Islam. |
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| The first four rulers after Muhammad who are all well liked. They are Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib. Governed from 632-661. |
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| Term for Islamic head of state |
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| aka salafism. An Islamic movement in 1700s promoting the return to the Quran and Sunna. But a relatively innovative fundamentalist movement b/c it denounced blind acceptance of other cultural practices. |
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| A movement in Libya to unite the Muslim tribes to fight against the European powers in the early 1800s. Kind of similar to Sufism rather than Wahhabiism. Wanted to recreate original community of Muhammad |
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| A movement to create a just equal society that rejects all worldly posessions. Promotes returning to the foundations of Islam. Big in Sudan. As part of the prophecy a leader will emerge to lead this movement. Muhammad Ahmad once claimed himself to be the Mahdi in Sudan in late 1800s. |
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| Sayyid Jamal-al-Din-al-Afghani |
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| A political activist who wanted to overcome European domination. Also felt Islams should reject luxuries and felt Islamic solidarity could lead to the defeat of the europeans. (aka Sayyid Muḥammad ibn Ṣafdar Husaynī) |
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| A student of al-Afghani. Felt muslims needed to keep up with changing times. Against polygamy and text interpretations of medieval clerics. Preached harmony for all muslims. Liberal for the time. actually became the egypt chief in 1899 |
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| An intellectual from Syria who blamed the Ottomans for corrupting Islam. Suggested that the Arab version of Islam is the only pure one. Strong believer in Arab solidarity. |
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| The King of Hejaz who initiated the Arab Revolt in 1916 against the Ottoman empire. He had expected to be given freedom after WWI, but instead the British and French took the areas as colonies. |
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| A declaration made in 1917 by the United Kingdom declaring support for an independent Jewish state in Palestine. |
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| System used by Britain to maintain control over its Middle Eastern territories. They kept military bases in their colonies and access to the colonies markets to receive economic benefits such as access to the Suez canal and oil. |
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| The system of governing by France over its Middle East colonies. They took a stronger role and appointed governors to make all of the decisions. This limited the power of the local elites who were occasionally appeased by being given French citizenship. |
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| The leading political party in Egypt during the 1920s and 30s. Pushed for independence and then their leaders were exiled in 1919. They played a role in creating the constitution of 1923 after Egypt got semi-independence. Waf'd elected to most of the legislature in 1924. Also formed terms of Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936, but people were upset that it did not provide full independence and it appeared to become a puppet of Britain. Removed a lot of religious leaders from power. Got support of people by promoting age of pharoahs as the glory days |
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| The first leader of the Waf'd party. Served briefly as prime minister in 1924. Died in 1927. Considered to be a good leader. Exiled in 1918. Known as a great orator. Educated in Europe. |
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| Replaced Zaghlul as leader of the Waf'd. Not as good of a leader as Zaghlul because he ran the party based on patronage. |
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| Influential egyptian writer. Felt that Islam and Christianity are not that different. |
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| A disciple of Muhammad Abdou. He believed the gates of ishtihad should be opened, which eventually happened. He felt the ulama's (clergy) have become corrupted and that Islam should try to make progress in math and science. |
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| Founded by Hassan al-Banna in Egypt. It wanted to create a reawakening of religion. It believed that a jihad against the Europeans was necessary. Believed if you can get everyone to be a good muslim than you will bring about social justice, economic well being, and political harmony. When in power it built an extensive social welfare system. Has become more radical over time |
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| Prominent political party in Syria during the early-mid 1900s. Adopted a moderate position to receive support of French and people and therefore they wanted to preserve the status quo. Wrote a constitution in 1936. Not ruled by a powerful set of elites |
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| Placed in power in Iraq by the British in 1941 and remained in power until 1958. Provided stability after there had been 6 coups from 1936-1941. Placed in power because of pro-axis stance at the beginning of WWII. |
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| The term for a compromise made by the maronite christians and muslims of Lebanon whereby the christians would control the presidency, shiia has speaker of parliament, sunni prime minister. ensured representation for all 3 groups. Worked until 1975 civil war. |
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| Ruled Jordan as king from 1925 to 1946. He always remained loyal to the British and was awarded with independence after WWII. |
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| Ruled Saudi Arabia as king from 1932 until 1953. Basically founded the country because there were only weak tribes before. |
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| The tribe of Muhammad. Fought back in the day with the Umayyads about who would succeed Muhammad. Fought against the Ottomans in WWI. |
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| 4 ways to build legitimacy |
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| Tradition, Charisma, rational belief in absolute value, recognition of legality |
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| The idea of moving from a religious world to a secular rational world view |
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| The uniting of all arabs to be together as one society. subset of Islamic Solidarity |
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| The belief that all muslims should unite as one society and people. |
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| Regionalism (Nationalism) |
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| The idea of uniting Muslim countries by region. (look this up again) |
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| Leader of Egypt from 1956 to 1970. Extremely popular and influential leader. Wanted to unite the Islamic people. • Sought to end british colonialism, feudalism, end foreign control of industry, social justice, strong army, democratic political system |
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| Revolutionary Command Council |
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| The group of young adult men that Nasser lead that fought for Egyptian independence from Great Britain. The Muslim Brotherhood was their competitor. |
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| Took place in 1956. Nasser nationalized the canal to raise money from the Aswan dam. This caused British, French, and Israel to attack Egypt. US and USSR pressured those countries to leave making it a victory for Egypt. |
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| This was the term for the combination of Egypt and Syria which only lasted from 1958-1961. Syria asked to become part of Egypt, but it quickly became upset with Egyptian rule and separated itself again. |
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Justifies nationalization of many things and land redistribution
Populist policies
Not Marxist policies
Got al-Azhar to justify socialism as aligned with islam
Religious leaders approved many of Nassers policies |
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| Seized power in 1969 in a bloodless military coup and held power until 2011. |
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| Represents the great increase of democracies from 1974 up to 1991. This period was when the Iron curtain fell. Many of these democracies are electoral rather than liberal. By 1991 democracy is basically everywhere besides the Arab world. |
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| Relationship to show where an individual needs to be to have the motivation to help a democratic movement. The curve is an upside down U. |
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| A state driven by natural resources that the country is dependent on. Normally Oil. Notably most arab spring revolts had not occurred in countries with a lot of oil besides libya. |
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| gov gives public sector jobs to people. Economy is not very competitive and people don’t work too hard |
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| Ethnolinguistic fragmentation |
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| Areas that have lots of languages and ethnicities are more divided |
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| Capacity of an authoritarian state to keep society from rebelling |
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| ex: obama administration. Part of the regime which is part of the state.Change of govt changing of president, hereditary power transfer |
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| Set of institutions that have power and structure. The govt is part of the regime and the regime is part of the state. Change of regime would be authoritarian to democracy or authoritarian to another type of authoritarian regime |
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The entire system and physical boundaries of an area. The regime and govt are part of it. Change of state would be a separation of territories
Ex: Sudan |
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| A form of government which must have free and fair elections. It is supposedly stable because sovereignty rests in the people |
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| Authoritarian Regime types |
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Personalistic (monarchy)
One Party (lasts the longest)
Military (lasts the shortest) |
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| Has elections with multiple parties and there is some form of civil society. But there is a coercive apparatus which will be used if necessary. ex: Jordan |
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| How is electoral authoritarianism different from traditional authoritarianism? |
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Power is costly to exercise
• Reminds the people they don’t have a say
• Pay people ex informants, military etc
Access to power is less costly
• More stable
• Cheaper
Autocrat wants power to have money
• Goal is to increase rents
Allowing 20% to vote against you isn’t worth money to repress these people
Votes = Preference * Integrity |
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| What are the beneficial effects of moving towards democratization? |
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• Party in power could accommodate desires of interests of elites
• Citizens now get the right to vote, even though elections are biased
o Introduces idea of popular consent that voting should matter
o Organizing effect
• Allows opposition to form a political party
• Identify leaders
• Gov doesn’t kill opposition party and shows it will listen to popular consent. Helps party stay in power prevent factions w/in regime
System has been created allowing gov to spend less money and retain control
• Also west now views you as more democratic
In order to liberalize you need to have a certain amount of centralization of power
• But you cant liberalize too much
Must progress w/o putting self in danger |
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| the trading of restrictions on political participation in exchange for economic benefits from the regime. |
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| What the regime does when economic growth stops |
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| pay off the people by reforming while maintaining control or repress the people |
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colonial (-1950/60)
Boom (1960-1980)
Bust (1980-2000
Boom and Bust (2000-) |
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| humanly devised constraints that structure political social and economic institutions |
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| 3 primary goals of states |
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• Build bureaucracy
• national identity
• national ceremony |
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| Current unemployment listed at 15% could really be 20, current bad economic times, need to find 80 million jobs to keep current rate in 20 years |
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• the rentier effect
• soft budget constraints
o these places typically have more money than you can possibly spend
o if it was spent well they would invest it
o authoritarian govs would use payoffs and set budget to revenues
o and price of oil fluctuates
o so no institutions are developed
o no taxes
o people often aren’t kept track of
o goal for citizen in this state is to get a gov job and live comfortably
• repression because of the soft budget constraints
• modernization effect
o it looks like you’ve developed, but you really haven’t because there aren’t enough institutions etc
o people will get educated now that they have money and realize that they want certain rights
Moore finds that oil does matter and is correlated with a lack of democracy
Does Moore find effect for 3 hypothesis above?
• Finds effects for all of them, but most strongly the rentier effect |
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| the organic connection b/w international and domestic politics/dimensions |
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| International Economic System |
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• Oil links MENA, Europe, and US
• Initially mutual trade
o Than Europeans colonized the area
o Need for energy
• Churchill switched navy from coal to oil
• Oil is integrated
o Therefore others are less integrated
• And many of them did not want to be integrated. These places did not want to be dependent on the West and develop their own economy |
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| ten broad sets of policy recommendations to improve economy promoted by IMF, world bank, and US treasury. Rejected by Middle East (double check this) (did lebanon say yes?) |
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| When one country literally moves into another country to perform a duty. ex: US removing Iran pm in 1951 |
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occurs through
• Foreign aid
• Military support
• Israel
• Does this guarantee stability?
o No
• Ex: Iranian revolution of 1979, arguably Egypt in 2011 |
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Independence 1948
Takes Sinai Peninsula 1956
Wins 6 day war 1967 (takes west bank, gaza strip etc)
1972 Egypt attacks Israel. Israel wins but costly, leads to camp david accords |
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| The idea that one should make a decision on Islamic law by personal effort rather than obeying law without question. This concept faded away over time but some modern reformists want to "open the gates." |
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| Madrid Conference in 1991 / Oslo Accords |
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| Madrid Conference took place in 1991 and attempted to resolve the Israel Palestine conflict and ended on a positive note. However the Oslo peace accords of 1993 and 1995 ended on a negative note. |
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| Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) |
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| Created in 1964 as a political organization. Gained legitimacy in 1993 when it recognized Israel's right to exist under UN Security Council Resolution 242. |
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| Palestinian Sunni Party that currently governs the Gaza strip and currently controls the Palestinian Parliament. It was founded on the fundamentals of the Islamic Fundamentalist movement. |
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| Majority islamic denomination. |
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| Minority Islamic denomination. Primarily in Iran, Iraq, and Yemen. |
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| Founding city of Islam. Muhammad was initially not respected by many there, but reconquered the area in 630. |
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| The city where Muhammad moved his followers to in 622. In present day Saudi Arabia like Mecca. |
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| Umayyid / Abbasids / Fatimids |
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The three dynasties that dominated the Arab-Islamic world during the age of expansion which started in 661.
Umayyid's were not radically religious.
Abbasids defeated the Umayyids transformed their regimes into absolute divine right monarchies
Fatimids strong for about 100 years improving intellectual life and culture. |
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| book of the customs of Muhammad which is part of the Sharia along with the Quran. |
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| Ancient movement to combine religion and sciences lead by al-Ghazali. Wahhabism labeled it a form of polytheism because it had saints. |
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| Governor of Egypt starting in 1805. Seized the landholdings of the ruling class and started era of political and cultural renaissance. |
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| When did Egypt and rest of Middle East try to borrow ideas from Europe and modernize? |
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| attempted to europeanize egyptian education. In favor of opening up ijitihad |
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| Last powerful Ottoman ruler. Ended with oppressive religious reaction against European institutions and ideas. |
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| Man from lebanon who became a protestant and a missionary and was pro modernization |
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Agreement after WWI dividing up Ottoman territory b/w Britain and France.
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| Ruled by Shah from 20s to 70s revolution. Prime Minister Mossadeq briefly had power in 50s before the US removed him. 2nd largest jewish population in middle east. Had a revolution in 2009 that failed. 2009 presidential election was fixed. elections had been competitive but gov approved candidates. |
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British back regime toppled in 1958. Saddam and Baath party comes to power in 1963. US invades Iraq in 2003 and now its arguably a democracy.
Wars include Iran - Iraq war 80s, Gulf War
very conservative overall under saddam, only limited reform in 80s
kurds are in north. shiias in center (majority?)
amir faysal had been king
Waqf religious endowment group back in the day
has a lot of oil |
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| Kuwait and the UAE Ch 15 Cleveland |
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Definition
both oil rich, monarchial, high non citizen populations
but Kuwait does have a strong freely elected parliament (but PM is appointed)
UAE has abu dhabi and dubai has an appointed parliamentesque council with limited powers
have been election issues in Kuwait in past decades
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| The Palestinian Authority Ch 16 Cleveland |
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Definition
declared a state in 48 and 88
lacks international recognition
governed by britain after WWI
lots of arab population fled after 48
last serious negotiation in 2000 with israel
Yasser Arafat lead from 1964-2004
hamas upset previous ruling fatah party in 2006
PLO has decayed |
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