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created from land owners and intellectuals. nationalist-liberal party in Egypt. main opposition parties. its involvement was crucial in the success and legitimization of many political decisions
-- was the party overthrown by Nasser in 1952 |
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non-violent revolution against the occupation of Britain led by Sa'd Zaghloul (the vice President). because of the revolution thus came the Wafd party. Sa'd had a 6 man delegation for Egypt's independence. High commissioner Allenby devised a solution - persuaded British to give up possession of Egypt (can't intervene militarily) *from the egyptian revolution...4 things came - 1) protection of British imperial communications in Egypt
2) Egypts defense against foreign aggression
3) protection of foreign interests and minorities
4) administration of Sudan
in turn for all of this they were "independent" |
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| leader of the Muslim Brotherhood |
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| Muslim organization that wanted the implimitation of Shariah law (Muslim law) - wants everything about traditional society all in the name of God |
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the French that time were ruling Lebanon. goal of census was to split up into 3 parts to benefit their rule - Christian part , Maronite-Christian part, and then Muslim.
only census in Lebanon - ever! |
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| 1925-27 Great Revolt (Syria) |
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| revolting against the French. In all the other Arab countries the revolts were started by illectuals. In Syria revolt started by peasants, army workers, etc - specifically the druz. It failed - but became a popular model of resistance against colonialism for the rest of the Arab world. |
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Syrian political party who rose for fight of independence during the French mandate/Great Revolt -Conservative nationalists (old elite) make up the bloc
Shukri al-Quwwatli (1891-1967)- joined bloc in the great revolt - wanted to create nationalist country, like Egypt |
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| 1896 wrote "The Jew State" - a plea for a Jewish state. brought together the 1st zionist congress in 1897. his life and teaching consituted the first event of political zionism. |
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| Britain's official policy: they would support the foundation of a Jewish homeland. Important because even though Britain said they would support a Jewish homeland they never stated the borders etc, just that they supported it. |
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| Betrayed the Balfour Declartion by being anti-zionist and limiting Jewish immigration to Palestine |
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| Policy paper issued by British. Supports Jews and Arabs in the same land in Palestine. In addition it further limited Jewish immigrations |
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| Grand mufti of Jerusalem. Palestinian Arab nationalist. Muslim leader in the British mandate of Palestine. Played key role in opposition to zionism. Led violent campaigns against the Jewish. |
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| organization within Israel in conjunction with the national assembly. was the organization that facilitated immigration for Jews. |
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| Jewish labor organization made up of Jewish workers. Played crucial part in government. *Different from Arab governments because unlike them (which were formed from land-owning elite) the labor party came from citizens and peasantry, and workers that formed the Jewish government*** |
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| Early Jewish military - trained and equipped by the British. Fought in WWII and came back to Israel with all that experience and started defeating all. Only professional military force within the middle east |
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| founded in 1901 to buy and develop land in Ottoman Palestine. Used to fund land for the Jews - need money to develop |
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| 1929 Wailing Wall Disturbances |
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| Dispute about Jews worshiping at the wall in conjunction with the Arabs living around the wall at the same time. Dispute over access to the wall turned into violence. Week of riots: 116 Arabs, 133 Jews, 339 wounded. |
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| protest against mass Jewish immigration - by Arabs in a British mandate in Palestine. Led to the formation of the Arab higher committee. |
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| "the catastrophe" - after the 1948 war b/w Arabs and Jews the Arabs/Palestinians had to flee Israel - because they were defeated |
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| Gamal Abd al-Nasir (Nasser) |
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| the Egyptian nationalist leader Gained prestige through the military where he became an officer (too poor to go to law school) joined free officers movement 1951. 1951 did a military coo against wafd party who were dominant at the time in Egypt. Afterwards he put General Naguib as President. Naguib got power hungry so then Nasser assumed presidency himself. During presidency - agrarian and political reform. He nationalized all the countries assets. |
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| Appointed president by Nasser but went power hungry and was put under house arrest in 1954. Nasser then took his presidency over. |
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| Before Egypt was split into many large estates owned by land-owning elites. Nasser divided the land using land reforms (can only own up to 628 acres) |
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| During the cold war,adopted by Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Turkey and the UK. US pressure and economic aid = key for the agreement. US couldnt participate however joined the military committee as the alliance. Viewed as least successful alliance of the cold war. Purpose = inhibit and contain Soviet expansion in the Middle East |
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| Suez Canal was built in 1869 by the British. in 1956 Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal in order to pay for the high dam (a giant hydroelectric dam providing electricity to cities). This upset the British because they owned at least half of the shares. The British invaded Egypt with Israel and France. UN led by the US firmly opposed the the invasion and forced to withdraw. |
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| Nasser wants independence and military support. Conference in Indonesia between the non-aligned movement (NAM) countries. Nasser becomes leader of Arab nationalism mass movement |
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| extreme nationalist. He was elected vice president and was a member of the National Bloc but was eventually kicked out for opposing the view of the pro-Hashemite leaders |
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| the Ba'th movement (Baath) |
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| "resurrection" or renaissance party led by Michael Aflaq. seen with great suspicion - especially by Kurds and Shiites. Advocate - revolutionary vision of Nationalism - revolutionary force |
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| was a Christian and a leader of the Baath movement. Advocated the implimitation of Islam as a religion and identified Islam with Arab nationalism |
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| General Abd al-Karim Qasim |
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| Seized power in 1958 as an Iraq army officer. Was a Pragmatic Arab nationalist - wanted Soviet support because he gets stuff that the Soviets offer and that the US doesnt - primarily military equpiment. |
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| King Hussein of Jordan declared military rule - Marshall law killing thousands of Palestinians. |
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| UN security council resolution 242 - declared that all occupied lands be returned and Palestinian refugees be taken care of. |
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| Infitah (Open Door Policy) |
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| 1978 - between Egypt and Israel. Orchestrated by Jimmy Carter. Israeli - Egyptian leaders met. Egypt recognized Israels legitimacy and called for an atonamist self-authority in the Westbank (Aka Palestine). Israel agreed to withdraw its armed forces from Sinai peninsula. US agreed to provide money to both countries |
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| Red Line Agreement (1928) |
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