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| a series of military expeditions led by Western European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to reclaim control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims. |
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| an era of creativity and learning in Western Europe from the 14th century to the 16th century. |
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| a city in Italy that was a bustling center of banking, trade, and manufacturing during the 14th century. |
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| one of the most famous artists and scientists of the Renaissance. Known for his painting called the Mona Lisa. |
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| famous writer…wrote a series of popular stage plays including Romeo and Juliet. |
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| a 16th century movement to change practices within the Roman Catholic Church. |
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| German monk whose ideas led to the Reformation. His followers were called Protestants. |
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| invented movable type for the printing press |
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| a member of a Christian church based on the principles of the Reformation. |
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| relating to the period of history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the modern world, often dated from 476 to 1453. |
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| In 800, the Pope crowed him the new Holy Roman Emperor. During his rule, education improved, the government became stronger, and Catholicism spread. |
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| the leader of the Roman Catholic Church |
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| dedicated their lives to serving God and the Church by praying, studying, and copying and decorating holy books by hand. They lived in monasteries. |
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| a place where monks lived. Became important centers of learning in medieval society. |
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| lords, kings and high church officials. ..usually landowners |
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| in medieval Europe, a political and economic system in which lords gave land to less powerful nobles, called vassals, in return for which the vassals agreed to provide various services to the lords. |
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| a peasant who worked on a manor or fief and could not leave without permission from the lord. |
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| a social system in which peasants worked on a lord’s land and supplied him with food in exchange for his protection of them. |
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| a business association created by people working in the same industry to protect their common interests and maintain standards within the industry. |
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| a document signed by England’s King John in 1215 that guaranteed English people basic rights. |
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