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| The technological innovation known as the ____ revolutionized agriculture in twelfth century Europe by providing a way to process produce more efficiently. |
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| The ____ Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) and included goals such as ending Simony, the purchasing or church offices, enforcing clerical celibacy (requiring that clergy, monks, and those in religious orders remain celibate), and stopping the interference of laymen in the appointment of church officials. |
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| French King ___ __ (1226-1270), member of the Capetian dynasty, was known for his deep religious zeal and participation in the crusades, was venerated as a saint following his death, and actively pursued social justice throughout his realm. |
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| The ___ Crusade began in 1228 as an effort to reconquer Jerusalem; Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, attempted to use negotiation, not force of arms, to take Jerusalem. |
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| Pope ______ _ (999-1003) was a prolific scholar of 10th century Europe who introduced Arab knowledge of math and astronomy/astrology as well as Arabic numerals to Europe after traveling to Spain and meeting with Arab and Jewish scholars. |
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| Peace and ____ of God were movements of the Catholic Church in medieval Europe that attempted to limit violence from war (warring from outside invaders and between neighboring lords) in feudal society through non-violent means. |
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| A historian named ______ praises the life and works of Emperor Justinian I and Empress Theodora in his official texts but harshly criticizes them in his work Secret History which describes the royal couple as bloodthirsty tyrants and demon-worshipers. |
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| In 1139, the nation of ____ emerged and declared itself to be independent from the combined kingdom or Castile-Leon; that pope officially recognized this nation in 1179. |
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| The emperor Justinian’s Corpus Juris Civilis served as the textbook for the study of ___ (Roman) law in early universities; the study of canon (church) law was based on decrees of the papacy and church councils and works such as Decretum by Gratian (c. 1140). |
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| ______ was school of thought in the Middle Ages holding that universals, abstract concepts, and general terms exist only as names or words (nomina) and do not correspond to any substantial reality. |
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| King ____ (1016-1035) was a Danish king who conquered England and made England part of his North Sea empire which included Denmark, Norway, and parts of modern Sweeden. |
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| During his conflict with Pope Boniface VIII, King Philip IV called into session the first meeting of the ____-___ (1302), comprised of three orders/estates, First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (lay nobles), and Third Estate (burghers/commoners), in order give counsel, allegiance, and support to the king. |
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| During his conflict with Pope Boniface VIII, King Philip IV called into session the first meeting of the ____-___ (1302), comprised of three orders/estates, First Estate (clergy), Second Estate (lay nobles), and Third Estate (burghers/commoners), in order give counsel, allegiance, and support to the king. |
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| The Black Death, which possibly originated in China, first struck Europe in the city of _____, then was spread to Italy (large commerce center), France, and Spain, England, and Germany. |
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| The thirteenth-century French allegorical poem called Romance of the ___ was begun by Guillaume de Lorris and later developed by Jean de Meun and discusses romantic and philosophical aspects of love and includes characters whose personify virtues and vices of that time. |
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| The Concordat of _____ was a compromise reached in 1122 to address the Investiture Controversy; under this decision, churchmen were allowed to elect bishops and grant them symbols of spiritual authority but the approval of the emperor was required and he was allowed to give the bishops political authority. |
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| The two civil wars between the Shiites and Sunnites led to the creation of the ________, the Sunnite Muawiyah’s dynasty; this dynasty (661-750) moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus in order to ease the direction of conquests. |
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| By 1300, the ______ Knights, a military religious order founded during the crusades, became the most powerful state in the Baltics, conquered Prussia, and allied themselves with the Hanseatic League, an alliance of trading guilds that had a monopoly over the Baltic Sea and most of Northern Europe. |
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| The ___ ___ is the name given to the bubonic plague (and perhaps other plagues) that struck Europe initially around the time of the Hundred Years’ War (1347-1351), spread via flea-infested rats and followed trade routes, and resulted in the death of one-third of Europe’s population and the collapse of many businesses and financial institutions. |
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| In the fifth century, after the Franks seized control of Gaul, a Roman province, Merovech (448-458) united the main groups living in Gaul, Salian and Ripuarian, and established the ________ dynasty. |
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| ___ _ the Great (1462-1505), prince of Moscow, overthrew the Mongol state, the Golden Horde, greatly increased the territorial holdings of Moscow, and laid foundations for the Russian autocracy. |
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| After escaping the conquest of the Sunni Abbasid dynasty, one of the Umayyads established an empire in Spain centered around the capital city of _____, which became a renowned cultural center. |
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| Bishop Gregory of Tours recounts the events of this age in a writing style that indicates the low levels of literacy existing among Franks at that time. Later events in the Merovingian dynasty were often characterized by civil wars in which sons of decreased monarchs fought for control and in the midst of the fighting, nobles on whom the kings had relied gained control. Over time, the kings became puppets of these powerful nobles and were known as “do-nothing” kings. |
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| The Poles and the Lithuanians were unified by the marriage of the grand duke ___ (1386-1434) to Polish queen Jadwiga on the condition of the grand duke accepting Catholicism. |
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| The _______ League arose in the twelfth century Germany as a trade association between merchants from neighboring towns as an effort to prevent piracy while engaging in maritime trade. |
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| At the ____ of Whitby in 664, the conflict between the Celtic and Roman Christian missionaries regarding religious practices such as the proper calculation of Easter and other rituals was addressed and the Celtic church accepted Latin (Roman) practices. |
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| The ___ Crusade (1208-1229) was a military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church aimed at eliminating the religious practices of the Cathars. |
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| The ___ Crusade (1208-1229) was a military campaign initiated by the Roman Catholic Church aimed at eliminating the religious practices of the Cathars. |
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| Peter ______, a French scholastic philosopher and logician, promoted the use of logic in his text Sic et Non, contributed to the rise of Paris as a center for theological study, and is known for his notorious seduction and relationship with a young female student named Heloise. |
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