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Villages would hire the German thugs that kept plundering and they became knights, eventually the upper class of the village because of the village not being able to pay them in food, so they paid them in land.
Knights and serfs |
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Strong missionary tried to convert people from Arian Christianity to the Nicene creed.
Allowed a simple for of music to be added to the mass, the Gregorian chant.
Promoted monasteries and convents |
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| Original order of monks, were very wealthy |
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Monks who lived like they had nothing, begged for food everyday.
Franciscans and Dominicans |
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Focused on “the intellect”, understanding true doctrine and became the scholars of the church
Fairly quickly the Dominicans held property as an order, going against main mendicant philosophy because they were the university professors |
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Began by St. Francis of Assisi
Francis went to pope and the Pope allowed them to start a new order of monk
Focused on controlling “The Will” or submitting their will to God’s |
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| Ruler of Germanic tribe, the Franks. Conquered Gaul and was the start of the Merovingian Dynasty. Married a Catholic, was among the first of the Germanic Christians to accept Catholicism rather than Arianism. At his death, the kingdom was divided among four sons. |
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"Martel" means "Hammer"
During his reign as the Master of the House for Frankia, the Muslims, who had control of Spain had decided to invade Europe. They come from Spain first, and even though the Franks are outnumbered, Martel “smashes” the Muslims and drives them out, “saving Europe for Christianity” |
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| Pepin the Short was Chales Martel’s son, who entreats the pope for status as the actual king, since the Marovingian family were weak kings. He won the title of King. Started Carolingian Dynasty |
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| Charles the Great (Charlemagne) |
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Charlemagne was a very strong king, who conquered most of Europe and was the largest and most important feudal king
He introduced a legal system, and an introduction of a chivalrous society
Knights wouldn’t take advantage of a weaker or disadvantaged knight they would show courtesy
He wanted literacy to be easier, so he introduced lower-case letters, and punctuation, etc.
The “better days” ended with the death of Charlemagne
Crowned Holy Roman Emperor |
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These 3 sons constantly fought, weakening it more
Also, the Vikings, Muslims and others kept invading Europe
This made it impossible to maintain the large empire and it dissolved back to the feudal system |
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| Transition from Dark to Middle ages, what prompted the change? |
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External elements (like weather and social stability) bring more food
More food brings population increase
Population increase brings diversity
Diversity brings creativity
Creativity brings progress
Progress requires more creativity
Rise of towns, specialized labor, technology and science |
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Started the Capetian dynasty
Stable succession (always father to son transfer) for 300 years
About two thirds of modern day France was gained by the Capetian dynasty |
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United lords in Germany and Italy
Was crowned as 2nd Holy Roman Emperor
Conquered clear down to Italy
His grandson, Heinrich IV ruined Germany for the next 800 years |
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Clashed with Gregory VII, a strong pope.
The clash was that Heinrich IV wanted to use the Holy Roman Emperorship (passed to him by his father, who got it from Otto) to name his own bishop. Gregory VII doesn't allow this and excommunicates Heinrich IV, releasing all feudal oaths that the people had with him.
Heinrich IV eventually deposed Gregory VII and elected another pople (called the anti-pope)
Begged for forgiveness and was reinstated |
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Pope that clashed with Heinrich IV over naming his own bishop.
Made it so that Holy Roman Emperors are elected by German nobility |
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| When a non-church official names a bishop or clergy |
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No heir
Took upon himself all the vows of a priest (including celibacy)
Debate between Harold and William about who would take over the kingdom |
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| Harold was forced to swear loyalty to William, but fights him anyways. William wins and has three sons |
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| fought against Harold and won English rule. Had three sons, William II, Richard, and Henry. William II is given Normandy, Richard is given England, Henry is given nothing, but he kills other two and gets it all. |
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| Rules both kingdoms and is succeeded by Stephen, then Henry II |
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| marries eleanor of aquetaine, fought with Eleanor and children |
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Crusades to Jerusalem
Dies on crusade |
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After Richard I (Lionhearted)
Weak king
Forced to sign the Magna Carta |
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| Significantly reduced the power of a king, made it so that no non-serf or "freeman" could be punished except by the law of the land |
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First crusade was very successful
Saladin, the Muslim warrior took Jerusalem back
Second crusade was undermanned and failed miserably
Third crusade
Germans sent their army first and were defeated
French sent their army next and were defeated
English sent their army and were largely successful but Saladin ended up taking it back |
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Conquered China
Very feared, Mongols were expert horsemen
Largest land empire |
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| Created from 1000-1300 AD and were the ones to elect the pope |
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Trivium - bachelor's degree
Quadrivium - master's degree
Faculty of Theology, Medicine and Law - doctorate degrees |
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Considered the most righteous man at the time
Biggest contributor to glossing |
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One of the earliest to teach by the Scholastic Method
Tutored and married Heloise
Castrated |
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imprisoned by parents for wanting to be a dominican monk
Heavily teaches Aristotle
Wrote SUMMA THEOLOGICA
Scholastic |
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This reminds them VAGUELY of Roman architecture
Rounded arches
Not really recreating Roman architecture
Romanesque Churches generally have very heavy, thick walls to support the roofs and spires, looked like castles
Round arches and vaults
Only a few small windows because it weakened structure
Little interior light
Less art because of little light
Tended to be smaller and short with little area
Very stark
Little exterior art, very plain except around main door
Gothic -
Much more gaudy
Higher arches
Bigger buildings
Taller buildings
Flying buttresses
Started when Abbott Suger was commissioned by the king of France to revamp the St. Denis cathedral
Stained glass was really hard to do and really expensive
St. Denis started a construction explosion of gothic style
St. Denis was replaced by the kings of France by the original Notre Dame
Gargoyles were functional
Meant to frighten away evil spirits
Get the water off of the building, through the mouths |
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Melisma- Gregorian chant
Organum - cantus firmus, polyphonic
Motet - non religious, melodies with their own text
Ars Nova - complexity in rhythm |
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Invented musical notation
Named notes a to g
Musical notation - crescendo, forte, etc.. |
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| beginnings of realistic art, like lamentation |
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Written by Dante Alighieri
Details Dante's trip through the center of the earth through purgatory and hell to paradise |
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Where two words are joined to mean something new
wordknight - author
whaleway - sea
Baptist - fullywetter
Part of Old English |
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Germanic (similar to Dutch)
Kenning |
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| Began as a slang of French, German, and Latin |
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| Written by Chausser in Middle English |
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Seen as the worst century in history
Divided by three estates or classes
1st - Roman Catholic Church
2nd - Nobility
3rd - Commoners |
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| The "Babylonian Captivity" |
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Philip IV captures Pope Boniface VIII and forces the election of Clement V (french). Church capital was "taken" into France, in Avignone.
It ended with the Great Schism and Gregory XI |
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| When 7 popes were in power in Avignone, France |
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Esteemed as most righteous
Shared with Gregory XI a revelation that she was given, saying that he would go to hell if he didn't die in Rome, ended the Babylonian Captivity |
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| corrupt popes, had children while they were pope and their sons ruled after they died |
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Fought after the Carolingian dynasty finally came to an end.
England fought against France because both had a male heir that was cousin to the last king
Successive kings fought to control France.
English won many times, but then had to return home to regain control of the usurpers of the English throne
Henry V delivered a crushing defeat at Agincourt, but then Joan of Arc rallies the French after practical surrender to Henry VI to roust the English |
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Portuguese, established a school for maritime pursuits
Compass, astrolabe, cartography |
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Ocean worthy
Deep draft for cargo
Lots of sails |
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Portuguese explorer that discovered the cape of good hope
Confirmed that you can sail around Africa |
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Sailed to India and gained control of the spice trade route
Used westerly winds |
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Portugal controlled trade to the East, Spain controlled trade to the West
Decided by the pope |
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| Originally Portuguese, but switched to Spain. Sailed all of the way east to the Philippines, picked up a servant, then went home. Was sent to see if you could sail around the Americas, and he found the straight of gibraltar. He kept going, fortunately ran into Guam, and returned to the Philippines, then went home |
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