Term
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Definition
political and economic system that develops through:
1) Localism
2) Public power in private hands
3) Lord-Vassal Relationship |
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Definition
| Social system that develops out of Feudalism |
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Term
| What was Feudalism at best and at worst? |
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Definition
-Inefficient paternalism
-Exploitation of peasantry |
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Term
| Who took over Germanic lands after the decline of the Carolingian family? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were some of the accomplishments of Otto the Great? |
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Definition
-effectively stops the Magyars
-Annexes N. Italy-increasing territory
-Supported Church
-Scholarship->Gerbert->Aristotle |
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Definition
went into Muslim world-math, astronomy
encouraged others to follow
ends up becoming Pope Sylvester II |
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Term
| How was England seperated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Political system of England |
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Definition
King-didn't have control over territories
Earl-controlled shires
Shire Reev (Sheriff)-enforce laws, tax collectors |
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Term
| What crimes were considered crimes against the king? |
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Definition
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Term
| Scholarly things in England |
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Definition
-Latin works translated into vernacular
-Beowulf
-Anglo-Saxon Chronicles |
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Definition
Battle of Hastings
Harold and William
Harold gets shot in eye
Last time England is successfully invaded |
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Definition
-Things are calm in W. Europe
-Spain fighting w/ Muslims
-Slavic tribes dominating East
-Climate Change |
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Term
| What did the climate change lead to? |
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Definition
| -Warmer, longer growing season, more food, healthier people, bigger population |
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Term
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Definition
-Rigid Horse Collar
-Towns are growing->marketplace
-trade increasing
-Industries developing
-Divisions of labor
-Towns are a problem |
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Definition
Local warfare diminishing
Flanders and Normandy->more stable |
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Term
| Normandy's military expansion |
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Definition
1) Sicily, S. Italy
2) England |
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Term
| What happened in England after William the Conqueror conquered? |
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Definition
-Political expertise emerges
-had support of Pope |
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Term
| What did William do if Anglo-Saxon disobeyed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were two of his major rules? |
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Definition
-Forbid private war
-Only build castle's with King's permission |
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Definition
-Domesday Book
-Crops, animals, property, people
-TAXES |
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Term
| What was William the Conqueror's major legal contribution? |
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Definition
| Trial by Inquest-looked at facts |
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Term
| Who got William the Conqueror's land after his death? |
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Definition
Oldest son (William II): Normandy
2nd Oldest (Henry I): England |
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Term
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Definition
A section of court (treasury department)
Head: Chancellor |
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Term
| What was the belief of Europeans at the time of the Religious Revival? |
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Definition
| Innocence (women and children) should be protected (from war). |
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Term
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Definition
| Church punishes those who violate those who are protected |
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Term
| Under which pope is Lay investiture first discussed? |
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Definition
| Gregory VII. Church doesn't want secular worls to have all the power. |
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Term
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Definition
| layperson gives symbols of authority to a religious person: staff and ring |
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Term
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Definition
| layperson gives symbols of authority to a religious person: staff and ring |
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Term
| Why was lay investiture such a big problem in Germany? |
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Definition
| The King (Heinrich IV) has relgious and secular duties. He was able to suppress rebellion because he had control over the abbeys, Heinrich damned pope, pope excommunicated him, nobility turned back on king unless he was forgiven, heinrich was brought to his knees, pope admitted Heinrich back |
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Definition
| prohibited lay investiture |
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Term
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Definition
| a military expedition organized by the Pope to attack the enemies of the church |
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Term
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Definition
-Decaying Muslim Empire
-fight for resources
-society values war
-Turks dominating Middle East, Byzantines need help
-age of piety: go on pilgrammage, turks make it hard |
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Term
| Which pope started the Crusades? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-organizes 2nd Crusade
-humanizes Christianity: emphasizes feminine, love and Mary |
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Term
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Definition
-power behind the throne of Louis VI and VII
-rebuilt the Church of St. Denis
-1st Gothic Church |
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Term
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Definition
-brings in ancient knowledge
-Dilemma: when does a student become a teacher?
-Heloise <3 |
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Term
| Development of Universities |
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Definition
-people gathering for education
-Unions of Students (want lodging and food costs at a min) and Teachers (decide who is a teacher)
-Come together!
-caps and gowns |
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Term
| What were three main cities that were intellectual centers? |
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Definition
Paris: Religion/Logic
Bologna: Church/Roman Law
Padua: Math |
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Term
| What areas are expanding in population at the height of medieval civilization? |
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Definition
-Poland
-Bohemia
-Eastern Prussia |
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Term
| What town develops the banker and why? |
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Definition
Champagne
-Becoming an important marketplace for region, need someone to specialize in the handling of money |
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Term
| What is the social structure of a feudal society? |
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Definition
Kings,
Lords,
Vassals,
Peasants,
Serfs |
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Term
| What is the social structure of a town? |
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Definition
Clergy,
Leadership,
Business Owners,
Townspeople |
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Term
| What was the social structure of a guild? |
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Definition
Masters,
Journeymem,
Apprentices |
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Term
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Definition
| owned tools, shop, well-trained |
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Term
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Definition
| owned tools, trained, don't own shop |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where was civic rivalry apparent? |
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Definition
| Florence, Italy: competing for bigger and better architecture and art |
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Term
| What book was written in the French vernacular? |
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Definition
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Term
| What book was written in the Italian vernacular? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why doesn't the church like things written in vernacular? |
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Definition
| loses authority, people can read on own, lose the common language of latin |
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Term
| what were some developments in architecture at the height of medieval civilization? |
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Definition
-Gothic arch-pointed
-flying buttress: provides support
-increased desire for light |
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Term
| What were Henry II contributions to politics in england? |
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Definition
-Enlarged activities of court
-More cases are trial by jury
-English Common Law
-Guaruntees to be at court once a year: Westminster |
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Term
| What were Henry II problems? |
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Definition
Often in conflict with the church: appts Thomas Becket as archbishop of canterbury, entourage kills him when he disagrees
-Family: Elenor of Aquitaine, crazy family, fight for power |
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Term
| Who was the first king to sign the Magna Carta? |
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Definition
| John, son of Elenor of Aquitaine and Henry II |
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Term
| What are the two major parts of the Magna carta? |
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Definition
-Everybody has to follow laws including the king
-King cannot impose a tax w/o consent of nobility |
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Term
| What were two major developments from the Magna carta? |
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Definition
-Leads to a representative gov't
-Law is common |
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Term
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Definition
-Helps bring feudal states together
-worked closely w/ church
-"holy"
-carried the sword and banner of Charlemagne
-doesn't alter local customs
-divided kingdom into districs, led by bailiff who collected taxes |
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Term
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Definition
| Book of English law is written |
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Term
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Definition
| wants to tax, nobility said no and he needs to sign the Magna Carta |
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Term
| Henry recognizes that England needs to reform |
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Definition
-House of Lords doesn't do anything, important b/c king needs to go to others
-eventually-House of Commons
-Towns, Knights: House of Commons
Parliament-legislative brance |
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Term
| Who gets the title Prince of Wales? |
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Definition
| whoever is due to inherit the kingship |
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Term
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Definition
-Hohenstaufen Dynasty
-Followed French model by making self sacred
-Brings more feudalism to Central Europe
-Son: Heinrich IV |
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Term
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Definition
-imposed income tax on clergy
-has a chunk of land: acts as a King |
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Term
| How did trade start the Crusades? |
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Definition
| -Ideas from trade lead to questioning of the Church |
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Term
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Definition
-absolutes of good and evil
-dualities
-Eastern Ideas
-Crushed by church |
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Term
| What are science, philosophy, and theology based on? |
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Definition
| -based on authority instead of observation |
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Term
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Definition
-literal translation of the Bible
-renunciation of property
-living like Jesus: ultimate |
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Term
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Definition
-helps make Francis’ ideas deeper
-will > reason
-eventually proves Aristotle wrong |
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Term
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Definition
-focused on instruction through preaching and teaching
-poverty |
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Term
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Definition
-intellectualized St. Dominic
-reason is important, but not contradictory to faith
-should be no conflict b/w sec. and rel. gov’t
-using natural resources is fulfilling God’s will |
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Term
| What were the major economic changes? |
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Definition
-growth of worldliness
-increase in wealth
-growth of business |
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Term
| What is the largest question during the economic boom of the Middle Ages? Why? |
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Definition
-What point does a normal desire for decent living become an immoderate lust for wealth?
-Christianity: tithing, but money is increasingly important |
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Term
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Definition
-served in a pol. And spir. State
-Judicial system: Parlement of Paris
-Involved in an unsuccessful crusade
-Problem w/ lords |
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Term
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Definition
-Increases Bureaucracy
-Estates General called to discuss taxes |
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Term
| What were the three estates? |
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Definition
1st-Clergy
2nd-Nobility
3rd- Townspeople |
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Term
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Definition
-wants to restore royal authority
-captures Wales
-tries to suppress Scots
-calls Parliament into session often
-tried to pass a tax w/o going through Parliament, now needs “common ascent” of the whole kingdom-Parliament: more power |
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Term
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Definition
-Fredrick II tries to assert authority in Italy
-Innocent IVwants Church to be independent, needs its own land
-Fredrick dies, Pope works to eliminate every secular power that has hold in Church: looks like a kingdom, losing prestige |
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Term
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Definition
-concerned about increasing secular authority
-taxing clergy |
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Term
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Definition
-Philip the Fair, Edward I, Pope Boniface VIII
-Two are fighting over Aquitaine, want to tax clergy for war $
-Clergy appeal, let us pay tax
-French bishop doesnt, gets thrown in jail
-Pope gets captured by Philip, Italians are angry (Anagni), rescued, dies |
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Term
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Definition
-says French king was right to put bishop in jail
-Popes power diminishes
-"Babalonian Captivity" pope stays in Avignon
-English see papacy under control of French
-people in church working with law and finance |
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Term
| What are three major reasons for the economic and population decline in the Middle Ages? |
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Definition
-Ability to produce based on tech. reached its limit
-Slight climate change, colder, shorter growing season
-Plague |
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Term
| What are some problems caused by the plague? |
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Definition
-Civil War/Rebellions
-lack of faith in future
-hostility against innovations
-guilds become more rigid, hold onto the past
-resistant to all new things
-gov't no $
-all moves toward sovereignty halt
-kings retreat into doing what they know-war
-rep. gov't's fail |
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Term
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Definition
| Returns to Rome for the health of the Church, Rome is icky, doesn't stay |
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Term
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Definition
-Pope Urban VI-Italian tyrant
-Cardinals declare election bad, elect new pope in France, Clement VII
Urban VI: Italians, English, HRE
Clement VII: French, Scotland |
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Term
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Definition
| works on translating Bible into English |
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Term
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Definition
Aquitaine and Flanders: England has control, France wants it
-Edward III goes to war, nothing better
-England captures 40% of France, then loses it 20 yrs later |
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Term
| How does England capture France? |
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Definition
1) Edward borrows and spends $$
2) Uses longbow
3) Uses dismounted cavalry |
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Term
| How does France get it all back? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-workers rebel to gain power, destroy records, killed unpopular lords
-Richard trieds to go back to the way it was, pushed too far, nobility organizes with cousin Henry IV to fight, CIVIL WAR b/w family, destroy each other, leave way for the "half-alien Tudors" |
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Term
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Definition
-Picks up Hundred Years War
-wins @ Agincourt, captures French king, makes king disown son, marries French princess, their child should become the head of the French and English crown, disowned son retaliates, gets everything back except for the port of Calais |
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Term
| Important developments during end? |
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Definition
1) Edward III: Justice of the Peace, shifting out of Feudalism
2)Parliament: increasing status, house of commons officially created |
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Term
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Definition
| Women can inherit everything except the kingship |
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Term
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Definition
-had to disown son
-mental health issue |
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Term
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Definition
| wimpy but wants to be king, fights with English and is losing, JOAN OF ARC, ends up getting rightful throne |
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Term
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Definition
| important symbol of power and perserverance for French soldiers, English martyr her |
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Term
| Central Europe @ downfall |
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Definition
-Duke of Burgandy affiliates with France instead of Germanic region
-low countries, lots of fighting b/c of trade importance |
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Term
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Definition
| revolts against Hapsburgs to form an ind. state, first modern republic, use pike to unseat knights |
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Term
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Definition
| Law created that raised the number of people who elected the HRE emperor to 7 |
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Term
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Definition
dominant pol. family in CE
-Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, Silesia, Luxembourg, until WW1 |
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Term
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Definition
| -French poet, more realistic |
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Term
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Definition
| English writer, Canterbury Tales |
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Term
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Definition
| more realistic, portraits, not always religious |
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Term
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Definition
| people questioning Thomas Aquinas and Aristotle |
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Term
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Definition
On the ocean: Astrolabe, Compass, Sails
Metalurgy: making containers(guns, bullets), for chinese gunpowder; can go deeper into earth |
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Term
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Definition
-surrounded by enemies
-focus on past, education imp., interested in Plato |
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Term
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Definition
-Caliph of Baghdad: HUge empire
-Baghdad: biggest city in all of Europe and Asia
-Lots of Trade
-City of Scholarship: lots of translating into Arabic
-Sci. Observ, Trig & Al, Physics
-Love history
"arabian nights"
onion dome |
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Term
| Byzantine/Islamic Problems |
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Definition
1) No fixed line of succession
2) Upper Class becoming apathetic
3) Turks
4) Crusades
5) Internal Issues |
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Term
| Why were the Mongols so powerful? |
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Definition
1) Good leadership: Kublai Khan, Genghis Khan
2) Good military/horsemen
3) Weak neighbors
4) Good at administration |
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Term
| Why can't the Mongols invade Japan? |
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Definition
| Kamikaze! Big storm destroyed most ships |
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Term
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Definition
-Big cities: Kiev, Moscow
-Pick up Eastern culture
-Very distrustful of W. Ideas
-Lots of land, little amount of people, institute serfdom |
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Term
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Definition
| -1st leader in Moscow to refuse to pay Mongols tribute, Mongol's leave them alone |
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Term
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Definition
-Strongly divided Muslim north and Hindi South
-South: constantly warring
-caste system rigidified
-start to come together, western world breaks them apart |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st after Huns, building of canals north to south |
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Term
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Definition
-push out turks
-clarify W. border
-efficient, benevolent leadership
-gov't employees are tested, educated gov't
-Scholared gentry have power
-Shift from Conficious to Buddha
-Begin to print books |
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Term
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Definition
-beginning of stylized painting
-Mongols |
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Term
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Definition
-connect China w/ rest of the world
-Marco POlo
-Buddhist monk leads resistance against Mongol "dynasty" |
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Term
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Definition
-foreign affairs and exploration
-large fleet, gets to e. africa, avoid conflict, restrict to chinese waters |
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Term
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Definition
-military families rule, emperor has ceremonial and religious duties
-many civil wars
-one family ends up dominating, restrict European trade to just Dutch |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| head of a military family |
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Term
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Definition
| askes United States to be able to trade w/ Japan |
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Term
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Definition
| Last time England was invaded: Battle of Hastings |
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Term
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Definition
| Magna Carta, signed at Runnymede |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Turks take Constantinople |
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Term
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Definition
| Roman & Greek Church excommunicate each other |
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