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| The study of effective reasoning using such devices as thought problems and the Socratic method and rules of logic developed by Aristotle. |
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| An attempt to determine what exists. What is the basis structure of reality? |
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| The study of how we should live our lives. |
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| The study of what is possible to know and how certain we can be about that knowledge. |
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-Transcendence (To help others find fulfillment)
-Self-Actualization (To find fulfillment)
-Aesthetic (To appreciate beauty)
-Cognitive (To know and understand)
-Esteem (To gain approval)
-Belongingness (Acceptance)
-Safety Needs
-Physical (Air, food, water) |
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| What did Abraham Maslow believe? |
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Definition
| Once people meet maintenance needs (e.g. Physical), they seek to satisfy "higher-level" self-actualization needs. |
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624-545 BCE
-What is "stuff" made out of?
-Only had the power of observation as a tool
-Concluded that all stuff was made of water |
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610-545 BCE
-Thales was wrong
-All stuff was made out of "Aperion" (the Indefinite) |
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585-500 BCE
-Both Thales and Anaximander were wrong
-Stuff was made of air, think density! |
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540-480 BCE
-Stuff was made of fire |
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570-495 BCE
-Heraclitus, Anaximander, Anaximenes & Thales were wrong.
-Stuff is made of numbers
-Had a hard time convincing people, because they were a cult. |
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Definition
-Wandering teachers of rhetoric (the art of argument and persuasion)
-For them, man was the measure of all things (This meant that there was no objective truth; we do whatever is in our own interest.
-when we use our senses to learn about the world, we observe how things appear to us... things appear differently to each individual... so all truth is objective. |
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Term
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Definition
-method introduced by socrates in place of rhetoric
1. Provide definition for terms... like justice
2. Question the definition
3. Gradually sharpen/ charge the definition until the essence of the idea is reached. |
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Term
| What are the four basic principles of the Socratic Method? |
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Definition
1. The unexamined life is not worth living
2. There are valued ideas of thought and action we must follow if we are to have a good life
3. Truth lies within each of us... not in the stars, traditions or religious belief... or the opinion of the masses.
4. Fundamental principles can't be taught... some can ask questions and provide individuals to examine their beliefs. |
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Term
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Definition
| story to represent something that takes place at a dinner table. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one. |
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Term
| Define 8 characteristics of a Homo-Sapien? |
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Definition
-Wear Clothes
-Bipedal (walk on feet)
-Opposable thumbs
-Speech
-Male/ Female
-Limited Body Hair
-No specific mating season/ Mate for pleasure
-Differences within the species |
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| What does it mean to be human? |
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Definition
-Sense of right or wrong
-Think abstractly
-Need for love
-Purpose
-Conscience
-Complex social structure
-Future thinking
-Use/ Make tools
-Appreciation for beauty/ arts
-Reason and think
-Structure
-Like order
-Social
-Create/ Unite history |
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-Learn from our mistakes
-Intrinsic values instilled from birth
-Want more; strive
-Good or evil (selfish or selfless) |
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Definition
-What is a good person?
-What is the right thing to do? |
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| What is the best method of doing ethics? |
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Definition
-If it feels right... do it! (gut test)
-Conscience: "Let your conscience be your guide." |
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Term
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Definition
Receive the 10 commandments from God
-These are the roles of behaviour that form the base of the Jewish & Christian moral code. |
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-Focus on free will or choice is making moral decisions.
-For the Buddha, intent was the measure of ethical or unethical behaviour. |
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| Moral code stressed concern and inter- relationships with others. |
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-Absolutisist
-Something's are always right, something's are always wrong
-Idea forms exist for everything including ethical ideas
-We develop these ideas through rationale |
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Definition
-Went for the developed idea called "The Golden Mean"
-He said that virtue or moral excellence is the "mean"
-Happiness is a great thing
-Happiness is the product of a good life
-What is happiness? |
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| What is "The Golden Mean?" |
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Definition
| Aristotle's theory that"the key to happiness": is moderation; too much of anything is not healthy. |
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| What are the 4 noble truths? |
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Definition
1. Life is suffering
2. Suffering invokes a chain of causes
3. Suffering can end
4. There is a path to this end |
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Term
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Definition
-End self desire
-Right seeing
-Right feeling
-Right mindset
-Right speaking
-Right acting
-Right lifestyle
-Right effort
-Right reditiation |
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Term
| What do you believe is most important? The intention a person has or the actions a person takes? |
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Definition
| We base our judgement on the action, because they impact us. But because we can never truly know a person's intentions, we tend to measure. |
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1724-1804
-Humans have unique characteristics; we set goals for ourselves we wish to control our own lives... Therefor we must respect those qualities in others and treat them with dignity.
-People should NEVER be treated as objects for our own purposes; treat humanity as an "end" and never simply as means.
-Our motives and actions are ethically good if we acknowledge other people's worth as human beings.
-Once an action is determined to be ethically correct; it must be carried out in all cases without an exception. |
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| What is "The Categorical Imperative" mean? |
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Definition
Imperative: Right Action must be done
Categorical: In all similar cases without exception
*If no, then it is not ethical |
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Term
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Definition
1748-1832
-Founded a group call "UTILITARIANS"
-Goal: Establish a perfect system of laws/government
-Rejected the idea of natural right
-Created the greatest happiness principle
-Social action is good and useful if it promotes happiness
-impressed with empiricism: knowledge should be based on objective and observable physied evidence
-action is based on the basis of how much benefit of "utility it has improving people's lives
-created"HEDONISTIC CALCULUS"
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Term
| What was the "Greatest Happiness Principle" ? |
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Definition
-The best way to live in society
- Measuring the quantifiable goodness of an act |
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| What is Hedonistic Calculus? |
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Definition
| for calculating the degree or amount of pleasure that a specific action is likely to cause |
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