Term
| What separates the thorax from the abdomen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the thorax |
|
Definition
| the heart, great vessels lungs and airways |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the space between the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are the three functions of the chest wall |
|
Definition
Protection of thoracic contents
Breathing - when diaphragm contracts and relaxes
Attachments for uppper limb at strenoclavicular joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Twelve ribs, twelve vertebrae, and the sternum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| space defined by first thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, ribs at the side and superior aspect of the manubrium sterni |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the things that pass thorugh the inlet? |
|
Definition
| the esophagus, trachea, common carotid, subclavians arteries and veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the twelfth thoracic vertebrae, the twelth rib and then the costal margin (fused costal carilage of ribs seven to ten) |
|
|
Term
| What is the costal margin |
|
Definition
| fused costal cartilage of ribs 7 -10 |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the sternum |
|
Definition
| manubrium, body and xyphoid process |
|
|
Term
| Describe the features of the manubrium |
|
Definition
suprasternal / jugular notch
Two articular surfaces for sternoclavicular joints
Inferior are vertically inclined facets for the first costosternal joints
Second rib articulates with a demifacet on manubirum and upper body of the sternum |
|
|
Term
| How does the manubrium join the body? |
|
Definition
| through creating an angle in the anteroposterior plane (called the sternal angle of louis) |
|
|
Term
| What articulations does the sternal body have? |
|
Definition
lateral for costal cartilages 3,4,5,6.
7 articulates between the body and xyphoid process |
|
|
Term
| Which are false ribs and which are floating? |
|
Definition
False are 8,9,10 --> don't directly attach to sternum
Floating are 11 and 12 --> have costal cartilages that don't articulate at all |
|
|
Term
| What is the widest shortest and flattest rib? |
|
Definition
| First rib - articulates with T1. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the subclavian vein and artery pass? |
|
Definition
| In front of and behind the scalene tubercle on the first rib |
|
|
Term
| what are the aspects of a typical rib |
|
Definition
| head/neck/tubercle/shaft and distal head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a joint of two bones that articulates with a third bone |
|
|
Term
| Where does the head of rib 5 articulate with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the facets and demifacets of all vertebrae |
|
Definition
| T1 has 1.5 facets, T2 to10 have two demifacets each, and T11 and T12 each have a single facet |
|
|
Term
| What characterizes the distal end of the rib? |
|
Definition
| attachment of the costal cartilage, which itself attaches to the sternum via a synovial joint |
|
|
Term
| How many demifacets does a typical rib have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the various attachment ligaments around the head of the rib |
|
Definition
| Held in place by anterior radiate ligaments, attached to the disc of the vertebrae by the intra-articular ligament. T |
|
|
Term
| Describe the various attachment ligaments around the tubercle of the rib |
|
Definition
| Attaches with part of the transverse process of the vertebrae wvia a large medial and small lateral costotransverse ligament. |
|
|
Term
| What ligamnet runs bewteen the neck of the rub and the transverse process above |
|
Definition
| the superior costotransverse ligament |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers of intercostal muscles? |
|
Definition
| External, internal and innermost |
|
|
Term
What direction do external intercostals point
Which is the musclar/aponeurotic parts |
|
Definition
down and forward (medially)
Anterior are aponeurotic, posterior and lateral are muscular |
|
|
Term
What direction do internal intercostals point
Which is the musclar/aponeurotic parts |
|
Definition
Point outward (laterally) and down
Aponeurosis is posterior and muscular is lateral and anterior |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the innermost intercostals? |
|
Definition
| three parts - one part anterior/lateral/posterior |
|
|
Term
| What joins together the layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the intercostal spaces? |
|
Definition
Between the internal and innermost layers of muscles
contains intercostal vein, artery, and nerve in the subcostal groove |
|
|
Term
| Describe the intercostal nerves |
|
Definition
11 pairs T1-T11
Actually the anterior rami of the spinal nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is special about intercostal nerve T1 |
|
Definition
| It makes up part of the brachial plexus |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the collateral branch of intercostal nerves |
|
Definition
| Sensory innervation for skin and merge with dorsal rami branches and anterior cutaneous nerves |
|
|
Term
| What arteries supply the intercostal spaces |
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior intercostal arteries |
|
|
Term
| Where do posterior intercostal arteries arise from? |
|
Definition
| The aorta (except for 1 and 2 which are from the supreme intercostal artery, a branch of the subclavian) |
|
|
Term
| What are the anterior intercostal come from? |
|
Definition
internal thoracic - a branch of the subclavian and runs lateral to the sterum behind the costal cartilages.
Runs with the venae comitantes |
|
|
Term
| Where does the internal thoracic branch? |
|
Definition
| in the costal margin (cartilages of rib 7-10) into the superior epigastric and musculophrenic arteries |
|
|
Term
| Where do the rest of the anteior intercostal arteries come from (not hte upper six) |
|
Definition
| from the musculophrenic artery |
|
|
Term
| What supplies the skin of the chest wall |
|
Definition
| The perforating branches of the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries |
|
|
Term
| Where does the right side of the thorax drain? the left side? |
|
Definition
| azygos vein, the hemiazygos veins |
|
|
Term
| where do the anterior intercostal veins drain into |
|
Definition
| the venae comitantes of the internal thoracic artery -- and eventually into the brachiocephalic veins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a thin, musculotendinous partition separating the contents of the thorax from those of the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| What innervates the diaphragm |
|
Definition
| L and R phrenic nerves (C3,45 keep the diaphagm alive) |
|
|
Term
| What three origins does the diaphragm have? |
|
Definition
| a lumbar, costal and sternal origin. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the lumbar portion arise |
|
Definition
| via two crura from the first three lumbar vertebrae - create an arch for the aorta to pass through |
|
|
Term
| what are the arcuate ligaments |
|
Definition
| medial and lateral ligaments that bridge across two posterior abdominal muscles (quadratus lumbroum and the psoas). |
|
|
Term
| Where does the right dome of the diaphragm rise to ? |
|
Definition
| 1 cm below the right nipple in the male |
|
|
Term
| Where do the fibres of the arcuate ligamnets attach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to the central tendon during inspiration? |
|
Definition
| the fibres contact, pulling the central tnedon downward, flattening the diaphragm and expanding the vertical diameter of the thoracic cavity |
|
|
Term
| Where does the aorta piece the diaphragm |
|
Definition
| between the crura at level T12 |
|
|
Term
| Where do the esophagus and vagi pierce the central tendon of the diaphagm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the IVC pierce the central tendon of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the portal system |
|
Definition
| delivers nutrients from GI tract to the liver directly |
|
|
Term
| Where is the heart located? |
|
Definition
| located in the middle mediastinum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tri, pulmonary, mitral(bicuspid), aortic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pulmonary trunk --> L and R pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the aorta? |
|
Definition
Brachiocephalic --> Right common carotid and right subclavian
Left common carotid
Left subclavian |
|
|
Term
| What does the aorta become |
|
Definition
| First the ascending, then descending then abdominal (after the diaphragm) then the L And R common iliac to supply the pelvis and lower limbs |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of the pericardium |
|
Definition
The fibrous
Parietal
Visceral
Note: Parietal and visceral make up the serous pericardium (not a layer in itself) |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the fibrous pericardium |
|
Definition
| dense CT, fused with the central tendon of the diaphgram. Fused with the serous pericardia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the serous pericardium |
|
Definition
a double layer
Parietal layer is fused with the fibrous pericardium, while the visceral layer is fused to the myocardium |
|
|
Term
| How many borders, surfaces and bases does the heart have? |
|
Definition
| Four borders, three surfaces ,a base and apex |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the right border of the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RA and Ventricle (plus a little of LV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LV and L auricle (part of atrium) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The roots of the great vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the apex of the heart |
|
Definition
| the bottom --> the tip of the LV |
|
|
Term
| What makes the anterior surface? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LV, RV and base of LA and roots of great vessels |
|
|
Term
| What are two prominent sulci? |
|
Definition
| AV and IV (where blood vessels to the heart are found) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superfically to the AV and IV septa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the venae cave, interatrial septum, and RAV septum containing the right AV orifice |
|
|
Term
| what separates the smooth wall from muscular walls in the venae cavae |
|
Definition
| the crista terminalis (anterior wall of the atrium) |
|
|
Term
| what are the pectinate muscles |
|
Definition
| parallel ridges on the muscular wall of the RA, that run into th right atrial appendage |
|
|
Term
What is found near the left of the IVC
Role? |
|
Definition
the coronary sinus
drains most of the myocardium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| former foramen ovale --> found in interatrial septum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the path towards the pulmonary valve |
|
|
Term
| What prevents the tricuspid valve from evaginating into the atrium |
|
Definition
| the chordae tendinae, which themselves are contorlled by papillary muscles |
|
|
Term
| What are the ridges of muscle in the Rv |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might link the IV spetum within the RV |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms the base of the heart, thin walled, has a left auricle appendage, empties into LV via the left AV orifice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3x as thick as RV, reflecting the much higher pressure in systemic circulation (that forces it to push out in the cirulation). Has a bicuspid valve into the atrium and aortic valve out. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the roots of the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta lie |
|
Definition
| in fibrous pericardium, and are lined with serous pericardium |
|
|
Term
| What is found at root of both pulmonary trunk and aorta? |
|
Definition
| three bulges, called the sinuses. Each sinus is located above the cusps of the plumonary and aortic valves. |
|
|
Term
| What arises from the sinuses on the great vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two main arterial supplies to the heart? |
|
Definition
| tR and L coronary arteries |
|
|
Term
| Where do the coronary arteries arise from? |
|
Definition
| their aortic sinuses and run forward unde the cover of the L and R auricles |
|
|
Term
| Describe the path of the R coronary artery |
|
Definition
| runs down to the Anterior AV sulcus and then runs near the posterior IV sulcus as posterior descending IV artery. IT also gives off a brach called the right marginal branch that supplies part of the RV wall |
|
|
Term
| Describe the path of the L coronary artery |
|
Definition
| Branches into the Ant descending IV artery (runs down the anterior IV sulcus) and the left circumflex which passes between the AV sulcus |
|
|
Term
| What is the circle and loop circle |
|
Definition
| The Left circumfelx and ant descending IV artery form anastamoses with each other |
|
|
Term
| Describe the venous drainage of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Great cardiac vein passes up the ant. IV sulcus and around the left border. Becomes the coronary sinus and empties in right atrium. |
|
|
Term
| What also supplies the coronary sinus |
|
Definition
Middle cardiac vein from Post IV sulcus
Small cardiac vein (right border of heart) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the innervation of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Via the cardiac plexus, efferent autonomic fibres lying posterior to the heart and anterior to bifurcation of trachea |
|
|
Term
| Where do innervation of the heart derive? |
|
Definition
From T1-5 sympathetics.
Preganlionics fibres ascend in the sympathetic trunk, snpase in the superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia and the cardiac splanchnics |
|
|
Term
| Where do all postganglionic fibres to the heart pass ? |
|
Definition
| Through the cardiac plexus and most synpase in the SA node or AV node |
|
|
Term
What effect does SNS have on heart?
PSNS? |
|
Definition
SNS - increases HR, contractile force and coronary artery flow
PSNS - oppose SNS, via vagus nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is the all important node in a healthy heart |
|
Definition
the SA node (right atrium near SVC opening)
Not AV node (lower part of interatrial septum) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the conduction mechanisms in the heart |
|
Definition
| SA - AV - bundle of his - L and R bundle branches |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double walled serous membranous sac that contains the lung |
|
|
Term
| What are the two layers of the pleura? |
|
Definition
| the parietal and visceral pleura |
|
|
Term
| Where does pleura not surround the lung? |
|
Definition
| the hilus, which is the root of the lung where airways and blood vessels enter and leave |
|
|
Term
What is found between the two pleural layers?
What is contained? |
|
Definition
| The pleural sac and contains serous exudate |
|
|
Term
What covers the sthree surfaces of the lung?
What covers the curved lung surface defined by the rib cage? |
|
Definition
| parietal pelura, costal pleura |
|
|
Term
| What pleura covers the base of the lungs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What separates the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| superior and inferior lobe, serparated by the oblique fissure |
|
|
Term
| What is the cardiac notch? |
|
Definition
| Feature in the left lung, that occurs because of the indentation caused by the heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the top of the left lung called? |
|
Definition
| the cupola, and it extends up into the root of the neck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is larger (no heart in the way) and has an extra fissure (along with the oblique one, the horizontal fissure.
Three lobes (superior - horiztonal fissure - middle - oblique fissue - inferor lobe) |
|
|
Term
| What does the hilus of the lung contain? |
|
Definition
| branches of the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, and the bronchi |
|
|
Term
| What are superior, the pulmonary arteries or veins? |
|
Definition
| the arteries tend to be superior |
|
|
Term
| What splits the chest into L and R bronchi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the bronchial tree |
|
Definition
R splits into three secondary bronchi (one per lobe)
L splits into two
Each secondary bifurcates into two or three tertiary bronchi. |
|
|
Term
| What do tertiary bronchi supply? |
|
Definition
| a bronchopulmonary segment |
|
|
Term
| How does CT from the lungs get oxygenated blood? |
|
Definition
| via the bronchial arteries |
|
|
Term
| describe the role the phrenic nerves have on breathing |
|
Definition
| cause the diaphragm to contract, pulling the dome down and having air rush from the mouth and nose into the trachea |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the walls of the alveoli? |
|
Definition
| The blood is oxygenated and decarbonated |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during exhalation? |
|
Definition
| The diaphragm rises and air reverse its course |
|
|
Term
| What are secondary muscles of respiration? |
|
Definition
| The itercostals , the scalene muscles in the neck, the pectoral muscles |
|
|
Term
Where are pulmonary muscles innervated?
Sympathetics?
Parasympathetics |
|
Definition
Through the pulmonary plexus (around the birfucation of the trachea)
Sympathetics --> From T2-4, synapses at the same level and the postganglionics travels as pulmonary splanchnics to the pulmonary plexus.
PSNS si from Vagus - synapses in the pulmonary plexus, postganglionics predominantly go to smaller airways (bronchioles) |
|
|
Term
what does the vagus nerve do to the lung?
the sympathetics? |
|
Definition
Vagus - constriction
Sympathetics - dilation of the bronchioles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The space between the lung
Divided into parts - the superior, anterior, middle, and posterior portions.
(anterior, middle and posterior compose the inferior mediastinum) |
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the superior mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| above the level of T4/5 and contains the great vessels (SVC, Aortic arch), the trachea, the esophagus, L and R vagus and phrenic nerves |
|
|
Term
| What is found in the anterior mediastinum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's found in the middle mediastinum? |
|
Definition
| contains the heart and pericardia, the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk and lower SVC |
|
|
Term
| What is found in posterior mediastinum |
|
Definition
| Descending aorta, lower esophagus, root of lungs and technically the posterior thoracic wall structures |
|
|
Term
| Describe the great veins of the thorax |
|
Definition
L and R jugular veins descend from neck and join L and R subclavian vein to form L and R brachiocephalic veins.
The brachiocephalics coalesce to form the SVC, which is joined by the arch of the azygos veins as it enters the RA |
|
|
Term
| Describe the path of the aorta |
|
Definition
| The ascending aorta comes from LV - travels 5cm to the right - branches twice to the coronary arteries. Then, it becomes the arch of the aorta curving over to the left before straightening to become the descending aorta |
|
|
Term
| What are the important branches of the arch of the aorta? |
|
Definition
First brach is brachiocephalic --> bifurcates into R common carotid and R subclavian
2 and 3rd branch are L carotid and subclavian |
|
|
Term
| What is the ligamentum arteriosium |
|
Definition
| Runs below the arch of the aorta , a vestige of the ductus arteries, which used to attach the aorta directly to the pulmonary trunk |
|
|
Term
| What three branches does the descending aorta give? |
|
Definition
1) (most posterior) - intercostal arteries
2) Bronchial arteries
3) esophageal arteries --> unpaired and supply esophagus and like rest of digestive tract they arise from front of aorta |
|
|
Term
| Where does the esophagus penetrate the diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What runs to the L and R of the esophagus |
|
Definition
| To the left is the left vagus nerve, right is the right vagus nerve while the thoracic duct of the lymphatic system sits posteriorly to its right |
|
|
Term
| Where does the trachea bifurcate |
|
Definition
| Around T4/5 (and its underside is considerd the carina) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the vagi nerves enter the thorax? |
|
Definition
| With the common carotid and end up attached to the esopahgus (one L and R). |
|
|
Term
| What is the path of the Left Vagus |
|
Definition
| runs around the right of side of the aortic arch before heading to the esophagus --> It gives off a major brnach called the left recurrent laryngeal nerve which goes back up the neck to the larynx. |
|
|
Term
| What is the path of the Right Vagus |
|
Definition
Enters the thorax in front of the right subclavian, and ascends on the right side of the esophagus to the larynx.
R and L vagus stay close to the esophagus as they pass with it through the diaphragm into the abdomen |
|
|
Term
| Where do the phrenic nerves arise from? |
|
Definition
| In the neck from roots C3, 4, 5. Attach to the side of the pericardium |
|
|
Term
| What are the three important structures in the posterior wall of the thorax? |
|
Definition
Thoracic duct (unpaired) --
Sympathetic trunk (paired)
Azygos and hemi-azygos veins (sort of paired) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the sympathetic trunks in the posterior wall of the thorax |
|
Definition
| the paired structure is the sympathetic trunbks - all contianined the outflow of the SNS. Coming from here are the Splanchnic nerves - Greater, lesser and least. Go into the three ganglia - celiac, superior, and renal ganglia |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of the thoracic duct |
|
Definition
| arises from cisterna chyli in the upper abdomen, enters the thorax via the aortic hiatus and usually enters the subclavian veins at the junction of the internal jugular |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathway of the azygos and hemiazygos veins |
|
Definition
Drain into the SVC via the arch of the ayzgos
The hemiazygos drain groups of intercostal veins and then drain into the azygos.
The azygos itself drains the right intercostal veins and enters the SVC at T4 via the azygos arch |
|
|
Term
| what is larger abdomenopelvic or thoracic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes up the pelvic diaphragm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some structure contained in the cavity |
|
Definition
| GI tract, glands, urinary system, spleen etc. |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| the lumbar vertebrae and its associated muscles |
|
|
Term
| describe the musculature of the abdominal wall |
|
Definition
| three layers of lateral musculature and anateriorly a longitudinally aligned muscle |
|
|
Term
| How are the abdominal muscles like that of the thorax |
|
Definition
| Both have three sets of lateral muscles (but abd also have one longitudinal and two posterior muscle |
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of muscles |
|
Definition
lateral- external and internal obliques, transverse abdominus.
longitudinal - rectus abdominus
Post - Iliopsoas and quadratus laborum |
|
|
Term
| Which way do the external obliques run |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which do internal obliques run |
|
Definition
| They run laterally outwards, but the middle fibres are more horizontal while the lower fibres are more vertical and thus run parallel to the external obliques |
|
|
Term
| Where do external obliques originate from? |
|
Definition
| the lower ribs and the upper half as part of the rectus sheath. |
|
|
Term
| Where do the lower fibers of the external obliques insert onto? |
|
Definition
| the iliac crest (with help from the inguinal ligament) |
|
|
Term
Where do the internals originate from?
where do the various fibres insert? |
|
Definition
the iliac crest
Posterior insert onto lower 4 ribs
Middle insert onto rectus sheath
lower insert onto inguinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| What forms the cremaster muscle? |
|
Definition
| Part of the lower fibers from the internal obliques |
|
|
Term
| Which two muscles of the posterior abdominal wall run vertically? |
|
Definition
| ilipsoas and the quadratus lumborum (posterior two muscles) |
|
|
Term
| Where does the quadratus lumborum O, I, N? |
|
Definition
O - lower part of the 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae (transverse processes) and then onto the posterior iliac crest
Innervated by L1-4 |
|
|
Term
| O,I of the transverses abdominus? |
|
Definition
iliac crest as well as the lower six costal cartilages, and the lumbar vertebrae via the lumbar fascia
inserts onto the rectus sheath |
|
|
Term
| Descrieb the rectus abdominus muscles |
|
Definition
Each extend the length of the anterior wall, each being separated by the other via the linea alba.
It is attached at its upper margin to the ribs 5-7 costal cartilages, and its lower margin to the symphysis pubis and pubic crest |
|
|
Term
| What is the lateral margin of the rectus abdominus called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives the washboard stomach appearance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found in the rectus sheath? |
|
Definition
| the two recti muscles enclosed by an aponeurosis of the other abdominal muscles |
|
|
Term
| How are the abdominal muscles innervated? |
|
Definition
| Innervated segmentally by the lower thoracic nerves and spinal nerve L1 |
|
|
Term
| What is the level of the umbilicus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the abdominal muscles? |
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Definition
| Flexing (via the rectus abdominus) and rotating and abducting the trunk (via the lateral muscles) |
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Term
| What is the inguinal ligament? |
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Definition
| Material found running between the ASIS And the pubic tubercle |
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Term
| What makes up the inguinal ligament |
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Definition
| It is made up of CT fibres derived from the lateral abdominal muscles |
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Term
| What does the inguinal ligmanet do? |
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Definition
| Delineates the boundary between the abdomen and the thigh |
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Term
| What passes through the inguinal canal |
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Definition
Spermatic cord, vas defererens, testicular arteries and veins (males)
Round ligament of uterus (in femlaes)
Muscular fibers from internal obliques (in both) |
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|
Term
| Where does inguinal tissue derive from? |
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Definition
| the lateral abdominal muscles |
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Term
| What is an indirect inguinal hernia |
|
Definition
| when adbominal contents enter the scrotum |
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Term
| What are the two openings in the inginal canal? |
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Definition
| the deep inguinal ring and the superficial inguinal ring |
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Term
| What is the superficial inguinal ring? |
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Definition
| IT is a hiatus in the external oblique fascia (located just above the pubic tubercle) |
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Term
| Where is the deep inguinal ring found? |
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Definition
| as a hiatus in the transverse abdominus fascia |
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Term
| What is defined as the foregut |
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Definition
| proximal part of the GI tract and includes the esophagus, stomach and first part of duodenum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| second half of the duodenum and encompasses the jejunum, ileum and colon (up to 2/3rds across the transverse colon) |
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Term
|
Definition
| remaining distal end of the GI tract |
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Term
| What provides symapathetic innervation to the abdominal viscera? |
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Definition
| preganglionic fibers from thoracic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser and least splanchnics) and also lumbar splanchnics |
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Term
| Where do greater, lesser, least and lumbar splanchnics go? |
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Definition
G - from T5-9 via the celiac ganglion and supply foregut
Lesser - From T10-11 via superior mesenetier - midgut
LEast - kidneys
Lumbar - hindgut via the inferior mesenteric ganglion |
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Term
| What is the sympathetic innervation to the pelvis? |
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Definition
| Via T10 to L2, travels via the lesser, least and lumbar splanchnics, to the preaortic plexuses to reach the inferior hypogastric plexus |
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|
Term
| What does PSNS to the fore and midgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pelvis splanchnic nerves (S2-4) which passes through the inferior hypogastric plexus and then up the hypogastric nerves to the superior hypogastric plexus |
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|
Term
| What are the two networks in the ENS? |
|
Definition
| myenteric (external) and submucosal (meissners) plexus |
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|
Term
| Where do postganglionic sympathetics that are targeted to the gut synpase? |
|
Definition
| In the three pre-aortic ganglia (superior, inferior and celiac) |
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|
Term
| Where does PSNS presynaptics comes from? |
|
Definition
| vagus and pelvis splanchnics |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates sphincter contraction in the gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Network of axons and cell bodies (considered a ganglia) |
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|
Term
| What are the various plexi? |
|
Definition
Head - carotid plexus near carotid artieres
Thorax - cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
Abdomen - plexuses assciated with the pre-aortic ganglia on the anteior surface of the aorta and are designated the celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric and renal plexuses |
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|
Term
| what is the most important thing about plexis? |
|
Definition
| Innervation follows blood supply |
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|
Term
| T/F the plexuses are found in a somatotopic distribution |
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Definition
| T b/c they form a vertical chain |
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|
Term
| What is found in the scrotum? |
|
Definition
| male reproductive glands, the testes, epididymis, and distal spermatic cord |
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|
Term
| What is found in the superifical fascia of the scrotum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the spermatic fascia derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Wha tis the tunica vaginalis |
|
Definition
| a closed serous sac, pinched off from the abdominal peritoneum |
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