vascular 

-internal plumbing 

phloem and xylem 

nonvascular 

-no internal plumbing 

grow wherever 

store carbon 

cover 1% of earth 

Division Bryophyta 

(mosses) 

Gametophyte 

-predominate 

-leafy stalk, rhizoids 

-males have a splash cup 

Sporophyte 

-long stalk with sporangium

-remain on female 

sporangium, antheridia, archegonia 

sporophytes develop from embryos 

sporophytes covered with wax and stomata 

ancestors are the green algae 

chlorophyll a 

cellulose in cell walls 

store food as starch 

alteration of generations 

Reproduction 

(in plants) 

Sporophytes 

-diploid 

-spores in the sporangium (meiosis) 

Gametophyte 

-haploid 

-antheridia (sperm) archegonia (eggs) 

ginkgo biloba 

male or female 

sees smell like rancid butter 

Division Cycadophyta 

(Cycads) 

palm trees with seeds 

poisonous 

beetles transport pollen 

Division Coniferophyta 

(conifers) 

-seeds within cones, megaphyll needles, resin 

-spores in strobili 

--heterosporous 

---microspores (male, pollen cones, four cells) 

---megaspores (female, seed cones) 

ovules ripen to seeds 

ovary ripen to fruit 

-sporangium inside ovule

-nucellus and integuments 

Gametophytes (dominant phase) 

pollen grains are male 

-female gametes are ovaries/ovule 

embryo sporophyte 

nucellus(food) 

integuments(shell) 

2 groups 

gymnosperms (sperm interacts with ovule) 

angiosperms 

Reproduction in Seed Plants 

facts: ovule = nucellus +integuments, 2 years for a female to mature, monoecious (both pollen and seed cones are produced) 

2 sperm are delivered to ovule, pollen tube 

one fertilizes, other disintegrates 

ovule stays put and grows 

photoautotrophs 

photoheterotrophs 

chemolithoautotrophs 

chemoheterotrophs

Carl Woese 

nitrogenase 

rhizobium 

unique fats 

methanogens 

extremeophiles 

non-extreme 

thermophiles -heat

halophiles -salt

barophiles -pressure 

pH tolerant 

psychrophiles -cold 

Cellular Slime Molds 

form a slug 

eat each other when they're young 

sepals (protect the spore producing bits) 

petals 

stamens - filament, and anther(pollen producer) 

carpels - stigma (pollen trap), style (pipe), and ovary 

embryo sac - two nuclei + egg 

nuclei form food (endosperm)