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| the inability of a society to provide its citizens with all the goods and services they may want or need. |
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| a self-imposed willingness of citizens to repsect and obey the decisions of their government. |
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| the ability of a government to compel its citizens to obey its decisions |
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| rules that establish the organization, procedures, and powers of government |
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| a decision a government institution reaches on a specific political question within its jurisdiction |
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| A protest, staged by small farmers from western Massachusetts and led by Daniel Shays, an officer in the American Revolutionary War, against the state's taxes and policy of forclosing on debtor farmers. |
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| called for a strong, essentially unitary national government |
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| plan giving each state equal representation in the national legislature, regardless of population |
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| sought to manage the dispute between large and small population states by creating a two-house legislature |
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| necessary and proper clause |
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| the provision in Article 1 of the Constitution that states that Congress possesses whatever additional and unspecified powers it needs to fulfill its responsibilities |
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| the provision in the First Amendment of the Constitution that 'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion" |
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| the principle that the federal government should play a major role in financing some of the activities of state and local governments |
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| the states in the South, Southwest, and West Coast- areas that have experienced tremendous population and economic growth since 1950 |
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| The major industrial states of the Northeast and Midwest that did not ejoy great population or economic growth in the second half of the twentieth century |
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| the generation of Americans born between 1946 and 1964 |
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| divisions that split society into small groups so that in different policy areas, people have different allies and opponents, and so that no group forms a majority on all issues |
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| the theory that judges should interpret the Constitution by determining what the Founders intended when they wrote it |
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| clear and present danger standard |
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| the doctrine that Congress may limit speech if it causes a clear and present danger to the interests of the country |
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| the doctrine that speech need only be likely to lead to negative consequences, in Congress's judgement, for it to be illegal |
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| the doctrine that speech must cause listeners to be likely to commit immediate illegal acts for the speech itself to be illegal |
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| an act of government preventing publication or broadcast of a story or document |
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| laws governing written or visual publications that unjustly injure a person's reputation |
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| laws governing materials whose predominant appeal is to a prurient interest in nudity, sex, or excretion |
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| the provision in the First Amendment of the Constitution that 'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion' |
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| the provision in the First Amendment of the Constitution that 'Congress shall make no law...prohibiting the free exercise' of religion |
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| the doctrine, stemming from the Fourth Amendment, that the government cannot use illegally obtained evidence in court |
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| government-imposed laws that required African Americans to live and work seperately from white Americans |
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| a legal standard for judging whether a discriminatory law is unconstitutional. Rational scrutiny requires the government only to show that a law in reasonable and not arbitrary |
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| a legal standard for judging whether a discriminatory law is unconstitutional. Scrict scrutiny rewuires the government to show a compelling reason for a discriminatory law |
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| segregation that results from the actions of individuals rather then the government |
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| An act of Congress that banned wage discrimination based on sex, race, religion, and natural origin |
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| a legal standard for judging whether a discriminatory law is unconstitutional. Intermediate scrutiny lies somewhere between the rational and strict scrutiny standards. It requires the government to show that a discriminatory law serves an important governmental interests and is substantially realated to the acievement of those objecives |
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| programs designed to take positive actions to increase the number of women and minorities in jobs and educational programs |
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| laws and policies that discriminate against whites, espcially white males |
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