the amount of space an object occupies. 

measured as L x W x H (cubic centimeters) or if it is a liquid- measured in liters

• the amount of matter in an object
• measured in grams

• Ask a question
• form a hypothesis
• record/analyze results
• draw a conclusion

What are the levels of biological organization?

B,E, C,

P,O,GC,

C, M

• Biosphere
• Ecosystem
• Community
• Population
• Organism
• Group of Cells
• Cells
• Molecules

• made up of units called cells
• reproduce
• based on a univeral genetic code
• grow and develop
• obtain & use materials and energy
• respond to environment
• maintain stable internal environment
• change over time

• particles in an atom that have a positive charge
• found in nucleus

• negatively charged particle in an atom
• revolves around nucleus

• atoms that have lost or gained electrons
• have a positive or negative charge

the substance in which something dissolves

(the one you have more of)

solid

liquid

gas

plasma

proton- + charge -in nucleus

neutron - no charge  -in nucleus

Electron- neg. charge-revolves

in orbitals around nucleus

attraction between molecuels of different substances

(in plants - between unlike molecules)

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Oxygen - negative

Hydrogen - positive

Neutral - pH = 7

Acid - pH = 1-7

Base - pH = 7-14 [image]

• only substance found in all 3 states of matter at temps found on earth
• has polarity which makes it a universal solvent
• its boiling and freezing points are used as basis for measurements in SI units
• has high specific heat so it can absorb a lot of energy before getting hotter
• high surface tension ( lets capillary action happen) because of high cohesion and adhesion

What are proteins made of?

(CON H)

carbon

hydrogen

oxygen

nitrogen

• saturated fats- contain max# of hydrogen atoms
• polysaturated-more than one C-C double bond 
• unsaturated- at least one carbon - carbon double bond

examples - fats, oils, waxes

• DNA- deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA- ribonucleic acid

• act as catalysts to speed up a chemical reaction
• does this by lowering activation energy needed to start chemical change

• organism that live in or on another organism
• causes host harm

• dependant relationship (symbiotic)
• both organism benefit

• dependant relationship (symbiotic)
• neither organism is helped or harmed

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Precipitation

evaporation & transpiration

condensation

[image]

1. carbon in atmosphere (human activity, volcanic activity, respiration and decomposition)
2. Plants absorb CO2 as part of photosynthesis and other animals eat plants
3. Carbon in ocean absorbed by sea creatures and breaks down from shells,etc... re-enters atmosphere

[image]

1. Nitrogen in atmosphere
2. bacteria  in soil and plant roots use nitrogen  from atmosphere(nitrogen fixation)
3. Animals eat plants and use nitrogen. They release wastes that contain  ammonia and nitrates
4. Decomposers in soil return nitrogen from consumers to soil (ammonia and nitrates again)
5. Some bacteria return nitrogen directly to atmosphere ( called denitrification)

[image]

1. most phosphorus stays on land- not in atmosphere
2. As rocks gradually erode, phosphorus dissolves into streams, rivers and ocean
3. ocean animals use phosphorus and plants absorb it.  Consumers get it from plants

What is succession?

• primary succession- occurs on surfaces formed after volcanic erruptions (bare rock)
• Pioneer species - often lichen grow
• lichen provide organic material for plants as they die and decay
• plants follow Etc..

When natural events change the ecosystem and it starts over again

Ex. grasses, brush and eventually trees regrow after a forest fire burns down an old forest

1. Carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and other atmospheric gases trap heat energy and maintain earth's temperature range
2. gases act like windows of a greenhouse to trap sun's energy in Earth's atmosphere
3. too many greenhouse gases means too much heat is trapped and can lead to global warming

• Earth is tilted on axis so sunlight hits at different angles during the year

polar - sunlight strikes at low angles year round leading to cold temperatures- near poles

Temperate - angle of sunlight varies throughout year - climate changes and we have seasons

Tropical Zone - recieves the most direct sunlight. hot temperature year round.  Near equator

un-even heating of the earth causes winds as hot air rises and cold air sinks.  This also causes storms, deserts, etc...

The same thing happens with the ocean which causes currents.

1. tropical rain forest
2. tropical dry forest (seasonal rainfall & deciduous trees)
3. tropical savanna- hot grasslands
4. desert
5. temperate grasslands ( prairie)
6. temperate woodlands and shrublands
7. temperate forests
8. noethwestern coniferous forest
9. boreal forest -really cold winters but  mild summers that let land thaw ( southern Alaska/Canada)
10. tundra- Always cold (Northern Alaska)

factors that effect all populations in a similar way

ex. - natural disasters

• Population is the total number of organisms
• Population density is how close those organism live together. (are there many in small area or few in the same size area)

• competition
• predation
• parasitism
• disease

• natural disasters
• drought
• human disturbances

major changes in the birth and death rate in an area.

Ex. - Up until 1910, more people were born in a year than the number of people who died, so the population increased.

After 1910, family size decreased and more people died than were born - population growth slowed down

demographic transition occurs when births = deaths and population growth stops.

resources that:

• regenerate quickly
• can be replaced

 Ex. wood, water, wind, sunlight

resources that cannot be replaced by natural process

ex. fossil fuels like gas and oil

• Cutting down entire areas of forests
• loss of over 50% of old growth forests
• when old growth forests are cut down because they take centuries to grow back, they are considered non-renewable resources

•  burning fossil fuels releases nitrogen and sulfur compounds in the air  that combine together with water droplets in atmosphere, they form sulfuric acid
• When acid rain falls, it can injury plants and change soil and stream water chemisty making it tough for animals/plants to live
• rainfall with pH below 5.4

• layer of the atmosphere where there is a lot of ozone gas.

• ozone absorbs harmful radiation from sun before it reaches earth.  Chemicals released from chloroflorocarbons in aresol sprays (Now banned) combine with the ozone in the atmosphere and reduce the amount of ozone available to block radiation (hole in ozone layer)

the sum total of the number of different organisms in the biosphere

greatest natural resource - many species = medicines, products, foods for everyone

when concentrations of a harmful substance increases  greatly as you move up the food chain

EX.

• DDT- doesn't break down in soil so it's absorbed by plants,
• herbivores eat plants, but because they eat so many plants, they get a lot higher dose of DDT. 
• Carnivores eat many herbivores, so they get an even higher dose of DDT- causes huge genetic changes in repoduction of organism.

• Introduction of a new species  by humans or animals into an environment
• rapid increase in population of new species because new habitat lacks predators and disease that check growth
• can cause major ecological changes in new habitat

splitting of ecosystem into smaller pieces

 smaller habitats =

• fewer species can live there,
•  smaller the population of each species 
•  the more vulerable species are to climate change

• Earth goes through natural cycles of climate change
• Amount of Carbon Dioxide in the air has been rising for the last 200 years- green house effect is intensified
• Hypothesis = burning of fossil fuels plus cutting down forest means that more CO2 is being created than can be removed by carbon cycle

• average temperature of earth will increase by 1 -2 degrees by 2050
• Rise in sea level as glaciers melt- flooding along sea coasts
• possible droughts
• organisms will no longer be able to survive in their traditional habitats and new organisms will be able to live where they couldn't in the past