LINNAEUS

In the late 18^th  century, Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish naturlist, developed a new system of grouping organism.

PASTEUR

Louis Pasteur,a french chemist, provided enough evidence to disprove the theory of spontaneus generation. it was replaced with biogenesis.(the theory that living things come only from other things.)

REDI

Francesco Redi put decaying meat in some jars, then covered half of them. When fly maggots only on the uncovered meat, redi concluded that they hatched from fly eggs not the meat.

SPALLANZANI

Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled broth in sealed flasks for a long time. only the ones he opened got cloudy with contamination.

DEVELOPMENT&GROWTH

Development is all the changes that take place during an organisms life.

Growth is due to an increase in the size of the cell.

HYPOTHESIS

A explanation that can be tested.

SCIENCE THEORY

Explanation of things and events based on scientific knowledge resulting from many observations and experiments.

THEORY

An explanation based on many scientific hypotheses. 

VARIABLE

Is something in an experiment that can change.

CONTROL

The standard to which the outcome of a test is compared.

EXPERIMENT

In an experiment the hypothesis is tested using controled conditions.

SCIENTIFIC LAW

A scientific law is a statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true all the time.

SI UNITS - WHAT THEY MEASURE

This system is called the International Systems of Units, or SI. It's used by scientists for measurements: distance, mass, time.

VIRUS

A virus is a strand of hereditary material surrounded by protein coating.

VACCINE

A vaccine is made from weakened virus particles that can't cause diease anymore. 

GENE THERAPY

Substitutes normal hereditary material for a cells defective hereditary material. The normal marterial is enclosed in viruses that " infect" targeted cells.

EUKARYOTIC&PROKARYOTIC PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

Cells without membrane-bound structure are called prokaryotic cells( are only found in 1-celled organsims, such as bacteria.)

Cells with membrane-bound sturctures are called Eukaryotic cells(such as fungi,plants,and animals.)

CELL THEORY: HOOKE, SCHEILDEN, SCHWANN, AND VIRCHOW

• In 1665, Robert Hooke looked at a piece of cork under the microscope and called what he saw cells.
• In the 1830's Matthias Schleiden used a microscope to study plants and cocluded that all plants are made out of cells. They combined their ideas and decided that all living things are made of cells.
• Several years later, Rudolph Virchow hypothesized that cells divide to form new cells. His observations and those of others are summarized in the cell theory.

ORGAN SYSTEMS,ORGANS, AND ORGANISMS.

• An organ system is a group of organs working together to perform a certain function.
• An organ is a structure made up of two or more different types of tissues that work together.
• An organism is any living thing.

DNA

Controls cell's activities. It is the chemical that contains the code for the cell's structure and activities.

ATOM

• Whether it is solid, liquid, or gas, matter is made of atoms.
• At the center of an atom is a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons.
• A proton has a positive charge and a neutron has no charge.
• Outside the nucleus are electrons.,each of which has a negative charge.Electrons are important because they are the part of the atom that is involved in chemical reactions.

COMPOUND, MIXTURES, SOLUTIONS, AND SUSPENSIONS.

• Compounds are made up of 2 or more elements in exact proportions.
• A mixture is a combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own properties.
• In a solution , two or more substances are mixed evenly.
• A suspension is formed when a liquid or gas has another substance evenly spread throughout it. 

DIFFUSION

The random movement of molecules from an area where there is relatively more of them to an area where there is relatively fewer of them is called diffusion.

ENDOCYTOSIS & EXOCYTOSIS

• Endocytosis is the process of taking substances into a cell by surrounding it by the cell membrane.
• Exocytosis is the process by which vesicles release their contests outside the cell.

ACTIVE & PASSIVE TRANSPORT

• When an input of energy is required to move materials through a cell membrane , active transport takes place.
• The movement of substance through the cell membrane without the input of energy is called passive transport.

FERMENTATION

When cells do not have enough oxygen for cellular respiration, they use a process called fermentation to release some of the energy stored in glucose molecules.

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

METABOLISM

The total of all chemical reactions in an organism is called metabolism.

CONSUMERS & PRODUCERS

1. Consumers are organism that cannot create energy-rich molecules but obtains their food by eating other organisms.
2. Producers are organisms, such as green plant or energy-rich alga that uses an outside source of energy like the sun to create food molecules. 

CELL

A cell is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry on life functions.

SCIENTIFIC METHODS

Scientific methods are procedures used to solve problems and answer questions that can include stating the problem, gathering information, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis with an experiment, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.

NUCLEUS

The nucleus is an organelle that of controls all the activities a cell and s contain  hereditary materials made of protein and DNA.

ADAPTATION

A characteristic of an organism that helps it to survive in its environment.