Term
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Definition
Used to treat iron deficiency anaemia
Given orally
May cause nausea, abdominal cramps, constipation/diarrhoea |
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Term
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Definition
Types of parenteral iron therapy
Used in iron deficiency anaemia, when patient is unable to absorb oral preparations
Administered via deep intramuscular injection |
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Term
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Definition
Types of parenteral iron therapy
Used in iron deficiency anaemia, when patient is unable to absorb oral preparations
Administered via deep intramuscular injection
Can be given by slow IV infusion
Risks anaphylactoid reaction |
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Term
| Desferrioxamine or Deferiprone |
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Definition
Iron chelators
Used to treat iron toxicity
Forms a complex with ferric iron and is excreted in the urine |
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Term
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Definition
Treats vitamin B12 deficiency
Given intramuscularly, not orally
For neurological involvement it is administered every 2 months
For pernicious anaemia it is a life long treatment |
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Term
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Definition
Folic acid deficiency
Should not be given alone to any B12 deprived patient as it will fix the anaemia but leave the patient with neurological deficits |
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Term
| Haematopoietic growth factors |
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Definition
Used in treatment to replace EPO and myeloid growth facotrs
They are naturally occurring glycoproteins that are synthesised in bone marrow and regulate haematopoiesis
Recombinant forms are now available |
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Term
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Definition
Increases number of RBCs
Used in chronic renal failure, primary bone marrow disorders, anaemias secondary to chemotherapy
Acts on erythroid precursors to increase erythropoiesis
May cause hypertensions, thrombosis, and CV events |
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Term
| Filgrastim(G-CSF) and Sargramostim(GM-CSF) |
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Definition
Stimulate the production and function of neutrophils
Used after cancer chemotherapy
May cause bone pain, fever, capillary damage |
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Term
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Definition
Glucocorticoid
Inhibits IL-2 and TNF-alpha production and gene expression
Upon binding of glucocorticoid agonists, the bound receptor complex is translocated into the nucleus where it then brings about its effects either by binding to glucocorticoid response element (GRE) to regulate gene transcription or interacting with other transcription factors |
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Term
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Definition
Calcineurin inhibitor
Prophylaxis of transplant rejection
Is combined with corticosteroids
Is a prodrug and becomes active after binding to intracellular binding proteins (TBP - tacrolimus binding protein) This complex then binds to calcineurin
Calcineurin is a phosphatase enzyme which plays a major role in the expression of IL-2
Calcineurin inhibitors effect IL-2 gene transcription and expression resulting in decreased proliferation of T cells |
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Term
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Definition
Calcineurin inhibitor
Prophylactic transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis
Is combined with corticosteroids
Is a prodrug and becomes active after binding to intracellular binding proteins (cyclophilin). This complex then binds to calcineurin (a phosphatase enzyme which plays a major role in the expression of IL-2)
The binding of this complex inhibits the phosphatase activity of calcineurin. This prevents calcineurin from dephosphorylating the NFAT transcription factors which are then unable to translocate to the nucleus and induce gene transcription
Thus, calcineurin inhibitors effect IL-2 gene transcription and expression resulting in decreased proliferation of T cells |
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Term
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Definition
m-TOR inhibitor
Prophylaxis of transplant rejection, coronary stents
Inhibits IL-2 signal transduction and inhibits T cell activation by IL-2
m-TOR is a protein kinase that regulates cell proliferation via cyclin E and cyclin dependent proteins
m-TOR inhibitors bind to an immunophilin (FKBP12) and this active complex blocks m-TOR, suppressing T cell proliferation by preventing the T cells from moving from the G1 to S phase
Can also affect mesenchymal cells |
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Term
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Definition
Anti-metabolite
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis
Inhibits T cell proliferation
Pro-drug metabolised in the liver
Directly inhibits the de novo synthesis of purines, on which T and B cells are highly dependent for their proliferation. May affect other cells, but T and B cells have a high purine requirement
Thus is relatively selective for T cell suppression
Also suppresses some macrophage functions |
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Term
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Definition
Anti-cytokine
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis
Recombinant-chimeric murine monoclonal antibody directed against the IL-2 receptor alpha chain
Prevents the actions of IL-2 |
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Term
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Definition
Anti-cytokines
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis
Recombinant version of the TNF receptor |
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Term
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Definition
Anti-cytokines
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis
an antibody that blocks the effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and is administered by I.V. infusion.
TNF alpha is a pro-inflammatory cytokine, which has an important role in promoting inflammation. By blocking the action of TNF-alpha, this drug reduces the signs and symptoms of inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
Anti-cytokines
Prophylaxis transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis
Competitive IL-1 antagonist |
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Term
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Definition
Used to prevent or reverse acute graft
rejection
Monoclonal antibody to CD3 on T cell
Inhibits cytotoxic T killer cell function
ie. Directly targets T cells |
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Term
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Definition
Immunostimulant
Used in multiple myeloma, chronic hepatitis, leukaemia (hairy cell), karposi sarcoma, melanoma
Enhances T cell production of cytokines
Contra-indicated in pregnancy as becomes teratogenic
Very potent and very useful immunostimulant, but can have quite bad side effects |
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Term
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Definition
Immunostimulant
Used in multiple myeloma, chronic hepatitis, leukaemia (hairy cell), karposi sarcoma, melanoma
Inhibits viral penetration, translocation, transcription, and protein processing
Enhances macrophage phagocytic activity and increases T cell proliferation
Can cause flu-like symptoms, hypotension, and depression |
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Term
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Definition
Immunostimulant
IL-2 analogue
Used in multiple myeloma, chronic hepatitis, leukaemia (hairy cell), karposi sarcoma, melanoma
Releases multiple cytokines which are cytotoxic against tumours
Adjunct to cancer chemotherapy
Can cause hypotension, capillary leak syndrome, cardiac failure |
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