Term
| What 3 junctional complexes can the terminal bar at the apical cell boundaries of certain epithelial cells be resolved into? |
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Definition
tight junctions (zonula occludens) zonula adherens ( belt desmosomes, intermediate junctions) desmosomes |
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Term
| What is a tight junction? |
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Definition
| continuous belts around the entire apical perimeter of the cells. plasma membranes of the adjacent cells appear to fuse, thereby reventing the free flow of solutes through the epithelial boundary |
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Term
| What are zonula adherens? |
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Definition
| these junctions are located just beneath the zonula occludens and form a continuous belt around the cells. no membrane fusion occurs in these locations. on the cytoplasmic fases of these juncions numerous filaments are found continous with the filaments of the terminal web. mainly responsible for adhesion of adjacent cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| a snap fastener or button between cells, dense material accumulates in adhesion plaques beneath the plasma membranes of each cell and extracellular matrix is secreted between the cells. tonofilaments embed into the adhesion plaques from the cytoplasm and serve as roots to mechanically reinforce the area of attachemnt between two cells. |
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Term
| What are the three layers of basal lamina? |
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Definition
| lamina lucida, lamina densa, and lamina reticularis |
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Term
| What are the major macromolecules of the basement membrane? |
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Definition
| type IV collagen, laminin, heparan sulfate proteoglycans (perlecan) |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| large charged macromolecules with protein core and attached glycosaminoglycan chains. this charge is responsible for permeability characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| mediate attachment between epithelial cells and basement membrane. |
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Term
| What is epidermolysis bullosa? |
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Definition
| a disruption of hemidesmosomes that causes a blistering disease |
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|
Term
| What are mesenchymal cells? |
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Definition
| cells of embryonic origin, function as progenitor cells, precursors to other cell types like fibroblasts and adipocytes. |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from progenitor cells in bone marrow, secrete histamine |
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Term
|
Definition
| derived from blood monocytes, large cells with kidney bean nuclei, acidophilic cytoplasm, vacuoles, with phagocytosed material |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesis of immunoglobulins, B lymphocytes differentiate into them, eccentric nucleus with prominent central nucleolus and peripheral clumped heterochromatin, clockface appearance, golgi shadow |
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Term
| What are transient cells? |
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Definition
| constantly migrate between blood and connective tissue: neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes |
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Term
| What are immigrant cells? |
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Definition
| macrophages, plasma cells |
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Term
| What are indiginous cells? |
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Definition
| mesenchymal cells, fibroblast, mast cell, adipose cell |
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Term
| What is collagen rich in? |
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Definition
| gly, pro, hydroxypro, hydroxylys |
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Term
| Which collagen types are fibril forming? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What amino acids are elastic fibers rich in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What unusual amino acids is elastin made up of and what is its function? |
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Definition
| desmosine and isodesmosine, forms cross-links between adjacent elastin monomers |
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Term
|
Definition
| elastin, when complexed with microfibrils (a glycoprotein) form elastic fibers, without microfibrils form elastic laminae |
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Term
| What do charge groups mediate in ground substance? |
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Definition
| metabolite exchange, physical barrier, lubricant in joints and other frictional surfaces, reversible compressibility |
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|
Term
| What are glycosaminoglycans? |
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Definition
| linear, repeating disaccharides, very negatively charged due to sulfate and carboxyl groups on the sugar residues |
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Term
| What is the only GAG that is unsulfated? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is osteogenesis imperfecta? |
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Definition
| mutations in type I collagen leading to impaired collagen fibril formation, brittle bones |
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Term
| What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome? |
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Definition
| mutations in type V collagen leading to impaired collagen fibril formation, fragile skin and hypermobile joints. |
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Term
| What is epidermolysis bullosa? |
|
Definition
| mutations in type VII or type XVII collagen leading to severe epidermal blistering |
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Term
| What is Marfan's syndrome? |
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Definition
| mutations in fibrillin, aneurysms |
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Term
| What is a multipolar neuron? |
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Definition
| most common variety with one axon that may branch near its terminal and multiple branched dendrites, found in brain and spinal cord of CNS, and in PNS autonomic ganglia |
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Term
| Where are bipolar neurons found? |
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Definition
| found in sensory systems, such as in the retina, in ganglia of auditory and vestibular systems, and in the olfctory system |
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Term
| Where are pseudounipolar neurons? |
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Definition
| sensory neuron found in dorsal root ganglion |
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Term
| Which cells produce myelin within CNS to insulate axons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cells provide nutritional support and help form the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which cells perform phagocytosis to remove debris following injury? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells from the ventricular lining? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells form the myelin of peripheral nerves? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which cells provide support for neurons in ganglia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does neural tube give rise to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does neural crest give rise to? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What length does each schwann cell myelinate? |
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Definition
| 1 mm of peripheral nerve fiber |
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Term
| What provides resistance to compressive forces in cartillage? |
|
Definition
| proteoglycan-hyaluronic acid complexes |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibrous, type I collagen-rich, connective tissue capsule |
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|
Term
| Where is hyaline cartilage found? |
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Definition
| respiratory passages, articular surface of joints, important transition stage in endochondral bone formation found in developing bones and in the epiphyseal plate during growth of long bones |
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|
Term
| What type of collagen is found in cartillage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is type X collagen for? |
|
Definition
| specific for hypertrophic cartilage in endochondral ossification |
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|
Term
| What is the major proteoglycan in cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Waht is the extracellular matrix of cartilage made up of? |
|
Definition
| interactions involving type II collagen fibrils and aggregcan-hyaluronic acid complex |
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|
Term
| Where can elastic fibers be found? |
|
Definition
| epiglottis and external ear |
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|
Term
| What is fibrocartilage always associated with? |
|
Definition
| dense collagenous connective tissue |
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|
Term
| Where can fibrocartilage be found? |
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Definition
| intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, some ligament and tendon attachments to bone |
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|
Term
| What is appositional growth? |
|
Definition
| growth from surface, undifferentiated perichondrial cells develop into chondroblasts that develop into chondrocytes that synthesize and secrete cartilage matrix |
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Term
| What is interstitial growth? |
|
Definition
| Growth within cartilage, chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and manufacture more extracellular matrix, dividing chondrocytes form isogenous groups. |
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Term
| What are osteocytes and what are their characteristics? |
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Definition
| cells of mature bone involved in the maintenance of the surrounding osseous matrix. stellate shape and present in lacunae, processes extend into canaliculi, weakly basophilic |
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Term
|
Definition
| responsible for synthesis and secretion of the amorphos matrix of bone, present on surfaces where bone is being deposited. intensly basophilic |
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Term
|
Definition
| actively involved in bone resorption, large multinucleated gaint cells found on the surface of bone at sites of resorption (howship's lacunae) |
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|
Term
| What makes up the inorganic matrix of bone? |
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Definition
| calcium-phosphate crystals as hydroxyapatite |
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Term
|
Definition
| layer of osteogenic cells that line the marrow surface of bone |
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|
Term
| What is cicumferential lamellae? |
|
Definition
| lamellae which encicle the entire bone beneath the periosteum |
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|
Term
| What are the steps of intramemranous ossification? |
|
Definition
1 primitive cells differentiate into osteoblasts and lay down spicules of bone matrix 2 matrix calcified, growth is appositional, osteoblasts become trapped to become osteocytes 3 bone is laid down as trabeculae situated between blood vessels, form a branching and anastomosing network or spongy bone 4 may become compact or remain cancellous |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the end of bone containing the articular cartilage, the secondary center of ossification, and the growth plate |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the bone trabeculae starting with the spicules that surround the small bars of calcified carilage at the bottom of the epiphyseal disc, and extending to the shaft or diaphysis of the bone |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the shaft of the bone; the walls of the central portion of a tubular bone- extending from the metaphysis of oen end to the metaphysis of the opposite end |
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|
Term
| What happens during endochondral ossification? |
|
Definition
| mesodermal cells differentiate to cartillage cells forming a cartillage model; increases in length by interstitial growth and width by appositional, chondrocytes hypertrophy, mineral phase deposited, invaded by capillaries, cells differentiate into osteoblasts, lay down shell of bone, hypertrophied cells degenerate, development of a marrow space, spicules of bone are deposited, remaining cartilage cells hypertrophy, calcify |
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|
Term
| What is the secondary center of ossification? |
|
Definition
| central core of bone tissue in the cartilaginous ends of bone |
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|
Term
| What is the epiphyseal plate? |
|
Definition
| the bone in the secondary center of ossification is separated from a zone of uncalcified cartilage cells and matrix |
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|
Term
| What are the zones at the secondary center of ossification? |
|
Definition
| zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferating cartilage, zone of hypertrophy, zone of calcifying cartilage, zone of ossification |
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|
Term
| When does interstitial growth of cartilage stop? |
|
Definition
| when the bone from the secondary center of ossification and the bone in the metaphysis are united |
|
|
Term
| What are the propioreceptors in striated muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the proprioceptors in tendons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
| an autoimmune disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness due to circulating antibodies to the ach receptor |
|
|
Term
| What types of junctions are there in intercalated discs of the cardiac muscle? |
|
Definition
| desmosomal, adherent, gap |
|
|
Term
| What do desmosomal junctions in intercalated discs do? |
|
Definition
| tightly link adjacent cells via anchoring proteins and intermediate proteins |
|
|
Term
| What do adherent type junctions do in intercalated discs? |
|
Definition
| anchor the actin filaments at terminal sarcomere of adjacent cells |
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|
Term
| What layer of the GI is Meissner's plexus found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the glands of von Ebner and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| circumvallate papillae, rinsing glands |
|
|
Term
| If present, where are the foliate papilla? |
|
Definition
| form lamellae along the posterior and lateral border of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| Where can taste buds be found? |
|
Definition
| fungiform, circumvallate and foliate papillae; also in the palate, palatoglossal and palatopharyngeal arches, and int he pharynx and larynx |
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|
Term
| What types of cells are found in the taste bud? |
|
Definition
| sensory cells, supporting (sustentacular) cells, basal cells |
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|
Term
| What is the function of high-endothelial venules in lymphoid tissue? |
|
Definition
| function in homing of circulating lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| In what level are the gastric pits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the layers of muscularis externa in the stomach? |
|
Definition
| circular, longitudinal and oblique |
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|
Term
| Where are parietal cells and what characterizes them? |
|
Definition
foudn inthe neck and body of the gastric glands they are large, pyramidal, and acidophlic with a central nucleus secrete acid and intrinsic factor |
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|
Term
| Where are chief cells and what characterizes them? |
|
Definition
the most abundant cells at the base of the gastric glands. also found in the neck region. cuboidal to low colunmar, have apical membrane bound secretion granules containing pepsinogen in an inactive zymogen form. |
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|
Term
| Where are mucous neck cells and what characterizes them? |
|
Definition
| necks of the glands, pyramidal in shape, PAS staining (stain purple) |
|
|
Term
| Where are enteroendocrine cells and what characterizes them? |
|
Definition
| scattered, usually at the base of glands, can have an affinity for silver or chromium salts |
|
|
Term
| What is the plica circulates? |
|
Definition
| permanent folds in the small intestine which consist of mucosa and submucosa |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major cell types of the epithelium of the villi? |
|
Definition
| columnar absorptive cells and goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| What are crypts of Lieberkuhn? |
|
Definition
| short tubular glands which open around the base of each villus. the simple columnar epithelium of the villus is continuous with the lining of the crypts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found at the base of crypts and produce acidophilic cytoplasmic granules that contain enzymes with bacteriocidal activity |
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|
Term
| In what region are Brunner's glands found? |
|
Definition
| submucosa of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| Where are Peyer's patches found? What are they? |
|
Definition
submucosa of the illeum large aggregates of lymphoid nodules |
|
|
Term
| What are the vertical folds in the anal canal called? |
|
Definition
columns of Morgagni produced by an infolding of the mucous membrane around the submucosa |
|
|
Term
| What can the surfaces of hepatocytes do? |
|
Definition
| either contact another cell to form gap junctions and bile canaliculi or form a free surface with microvilli exposed to the perisinusoidal space of Disse |
|
|
Term
| Where do bile ducts empty into? |
|
Definition
| hering's canal which terminate in the cubiodal or columna-lined bile ducts, which form the right and left hepatic ducts which then form the common hepatic duct. |
|
|
Term
| What are sinusoids lined with? |
|
Definition
| fenestrated endothelial cells and scattered phagocytic kupffer cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of ducts in the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| tubuloacinar glands, intercalated ducts, interlobular ducts, main pancreatic duct of Wirsung |
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