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| A market structure in which many firms sell a differentiated product, into which entry is relatively easy, in which the firm has some control over its product price, and in which there is considerable nonprice competition. |
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| A strategy in which one firm's product is distinguished from competing products by means of its design, related services, quality, location, or other attributes (except price). |
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| Competition based on distinguishing one's product by means of product differentiation and then advertising the distinguished product to consumers. |
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| Plant resources that are underused when imperfectly competitive firms produce less output than that associated with achieving minimum average total cost. |
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| A market structure in which a few firms sell either a standardized or differentiated product, into which entry is difficult, in which the firm has limited control over product price because of mutual interdependence (except when there is collusion among firms), and in which there is typically nonprice competition. |
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| An oligopoly in which the firms produce a standardized product. |
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| An oligopoly in which the firms produce a differentiated product. |
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| Self-interested economic actions that take into account the expected reaction of others. |
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| A situation in which a change in price strategy (or in some other strategy) by one firm will affect the sales and profits of another firm. Any firm that makes such a change can expect the other rivals to react to the change. |
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| The percentage of the total sales of an industry made by the four (or some other number) largest sellers in the industry. |
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| Interindustry Competition |
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| The competition for sales between the products of one industry and the products of another industry. |
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| A measure of the concentration and competitiveness of an industry; calculated as the sum of the squared percentage market shares of the individual firms in the industry. |
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| A means of analyzing the pricing behavior of oligopolists that uses the theory of strategy associated with games such as chess and bridge. |
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| A situation in which firms act together and in agreement to fix prices, divide a market, or otherwise restrict competition. |
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| The demand curve for a noncollusive oligopolist, which is based on the assumption that rivals will match a price decrease and will ignore a price increase. |
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| Successive and continued decreases in the prices charged by firms in an oligopolistic industry. Each firm lowers its price below rivals' prices, hoping to increase its sales and revenues at its rivals' expense. |
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| A formal agreement among firms (or countries) in an industry to set the price of a product and establish the outputs of the individual firms (or countries) or to divide the market for the product geographically. |
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| Any method used by an oligopolist to set prices and outputs that does not involve outright collusion. Price leadership is a frequent example. |
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| An informal method that firms in an oligopoly may employ to set the price of their product: One firm (the leader) is the first to announce a change in price, and the other firms (the followers) soon announce identical or similar changes. |
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| The competition that domestic firms encounter from the products and services of foreign producers. |
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