Term
| Sturcture and Function of the Urinary System |
|
Definition
- Urinary system
- Two kidneys
- Two ureters
- One uniary bladder
- One urethra
- Infection prevented by
- Valves that prevent backflow to kidneys
- Acidity of urine
- Mechanical flushing
|
|
|
Term
| Female Reproductive System |
|
Definition
- Two ovaries
- Two uterine (fallopian) tubes
- The uterus, indlucing the cervix; the vagina
- External genitals
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Two testes
- Accessory glands
- Penis
- Epididymis
- Ductus (vas) deferens
- Ejaculatory duct
- Urethra
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Urinary bladder and upper urinary tract are strerile
- Lactobacilli are predominant in the vagina
- Produce hydrogen peroxide
- Grow on glycogen secretions
- Infection is indicated by
- >10,000 bacteria/ml
- 100 coliforms/ml
- Positive urine leukocyte esterase (LE) test
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- An inflammation of the urinary bladder
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- An inflammation of the urethra
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- An inflammation of one or both kidneys
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Usual causative agents
- Symptoms
- Dysuria (difficult or painful urination)
- Pyuria (pus in urine)
- Diagnosis: >100 CFU/ml of potential pathogens and positive LE test
- Treatment: trimethoprim-sulfamethexazole
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Causative agent: usually E. coli
- Symptoms: fever, back or flank pain
- Diagnosis: 10,000 CFU/ml and positive LE test
- Treatment: cephalosporin
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Causative agent: leptospira interrogans
- Reservoir: dogs and rats
- Trasmission: skin/mucosal contact from urine-contaminated water
- Symptoms: headaches, muscular aches, fever, kidney failure is a possible complication\
- Diagnosis: Serological test
- Treatment: Doxycycline
|
|
|
Term
| Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI's) |
|
Definition
- Prevented by condoms
- Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Caused by Neisseria gonorrheae
- Attaches to oral or urogenital mucosa by fimbriae
- Opa proteins prevent proliferation of CDF+ T cells
- Anal gonorrhea, pharyngeal gonorrhea
- If left untreated, may result in
- Endocarditis
- Meningitis
- Arthritis
- Opthalmia neonatorum
- Symptoms
- Men: painful urination and discharge of pus
- Women: few symptoms but possible complications, such as PID
- Diagnosis: Gram stain, ELISA, PCR
- Treatment: cephalosporins
|
|
|
Term
| Nongonococcal Urethritis (NGU) |
|
Definition
- Nonspecific urethritis
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Mycoplasma hominis
- Ureaplasma urealyticum
- Symptoms: painful urination and watery discharge; in women, possible complications, such as PID
- Diagnosis: culture, PCR
- Treatment: doxycycline, azithromycin
|
|
|
Term
| Pelvic Invlammatory Disease |
|
Definition
- Polymicrobic, usually:
- N. gonorrhoeae
- C. trachomatis
- Salpingitis (infection of uterine tubes)
- Symptoms: chornic abdominal pain
- Treatment: doxycycline and cefoxitin
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Caused by Treponema pallidum
- Invades mucosa or through skin breaks
- Primary stage: chancre at site of infection
- Secondary stage: skin and mucosal rashes
- Latent period: no symptoms
- Tertiary stage: gummas on many organs
- Treatment: benzathine penicillin
- Congenital syphilis: neurological damage
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Direct diagnosis
- Staining with fluorescent-labeled monoclonal antibodies
- Indirect, rapid screening
- Confirming
- FTA-ABS tests for anti-treponemal antibodies
|
|
|
Term
| Lymphogranuloma Venereum (LGV) |
|
Definition
- Causative agent: Chlamydia trachomatis
- Initial lesion on genitals heals
- Bacteria spread through lymph
- Symptoms: swelling in lymph nodes in groin
- Diagnosis: microscopic identification and culture
- Treatment: doxycycline
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Causative agent: Haemophilus ducreyi
- Symptoms: painful ulcers of genitals, swollen lymph nodes in groin
- Diagnosis: culture
- Treatment: erythromycin; ceftriaxone
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Causative agent: Gardnerella Vaginalis
- Symptoms: copious fishy, gray-white, thin, frothy discharge
- pH: >4.5
- Diagnosis: clue cells
- Treatment: metronidazole
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Caused by herpes simplex virus 2 (human herpes virus 2, or HSV-2)
- Painful vesicles on genitals
- Neonatal herpes transmitted to fetus or newborns
- Recurrences from viruses latent in nerves
- Suppression: Acyclovir
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Human papillomaviruses
- Warts in genital area
- HPV serotype 16 causes cervical cancer and cancer of the penis
- Treatment: podofilox; imiquimod
- Prevention: vaccination against HPV strains
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Causative agent: Candida albicans
- Grows on mucosa of mouth, intestinal tract, and genitourinary tract
- NGU in males
- Vulvogavinal candidiasis, yeasty discharge
- pH: <4
- Diagnosis: microscopic and cultuer
- Treatment: clotrimazole; fluconazole
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Causative agent: Trichomonas vaginalis
- Found in semen or urine of male carriers
- Vaginal infection causes irritation and profuse foul, greenish yellow frothy discharge
- pH: 5-8
- Diagnosis: microscopic identification, DNA probe
- Treatment: metronidazole
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Toxoplasmosis
- Other (such as syphilis, hepatitis B, enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus)
- Rubella
- Cytomegalovirus
- Herpes simplex virus
|
|
|
