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Definition
| can supply energy but to release it they must be converted into glucose |
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Term
| Principles that govern metabolic pathways (5): |
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Definition
-complex chem. transformation in the cell occurs in a series of separate reactions that form a metabolic pathway.
-each reaction in a metabolic pathway is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
-metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms, from bacteria to human.
-many metabolic pathways are compartmentalized in eukaryotes, w/certain reactions occuring inside a specific organelle.
-each metabolic pathway is regulated by key enzymes that can be inhibited or activated, thereby determining how fast the reaction will go. |
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Term
| The process of burning is very similar to the chem. process that release energy in cells |
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Definition
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| 3 metabolic processes that play important roles in the harvesting of energy from glucose: |
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Definition
Glycolysis-begins glucose metabolism in all cells and produces 2 molecules of the 3-carbon product pyruvate. Does not use O2.
-cellular respiration-uses O2, it is aerobic. Converts each pyruvate molecule into 3 molecules of CO2 thru. set metabolic pathways.
-Fermentation-does not involve O2, is anaerobic, converts pyruvate into lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. Much less energy is released by fermentation than by cellular respiration. |
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Term
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Definition
| in the presence of oxygen requiring oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| occuring without the use of molecular oxygen, O2 |
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Term
| Reduction/Oxidation (always occur together) |
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Definition
Reduction: the gain of 1 or more electrons by an atom, ion, or mole.
Oxidation: the loss of 1 or more electrons
Oxidation |
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Term
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Definition
| level phosphorylation is the enzyme-catalyzed transfer of phosphate groups from donor molecules to ADP molecules to form ATP |
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Term
| 2 fermentation pathways found in many different cells: |
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Definition
lactic acid fermentation-end product is lactate
-alcoholic fermentation--ethyl alcohol is end product. |
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Term
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Definition
| takes place in yeasts and some plant cell. Requires 2 enzymes to metabolize pyruvate |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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Definition
the overall of ATP synthesis resulting from the reoxidation of electron carriers in the presence of O2. Two stages of the process can be distinguished:
-the electron transport chain
-chemiosmosis |
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Term
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Definition
| shuttles electrons and releases energy |
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Term
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Definition
| -uses ATP synthase to couple proton diffusion to ATP synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
can build much water
-in water, fats weigh less than polysaccharides
-fats are better storers |
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