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-first compound microscope
-cork under microscope, described cells but never saw single celled organisms |
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-"father of microbiology"
-first to describe how heat can kill microbes |
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| -showed maggots only appear when meat exposed to flies |
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| -disproved spontaneous generation of microbes with sealed flask of steralized meat |
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| boiled broth then placed in swan neck flask. this allowed air but not microbes |
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| discovered some organic matter can contain heat resistant spores |
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-Pasteur proposed the transmission of microbes causes disease
-Koch proposed 4 criteria that must be met in order to determine if a microbe causes a disease in 1884 |
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Definition
-microbe always present in diseased organism, absent in healthy
-microbe isolated from diseased organism and grown in pure culture
-microbe isolated must cause disease in healthy organisms
-re-isolated same microbe from the now-sick individual |
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| infected himself with heliobacter pylori to cause stomach ulcers and won nobel prize |
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Term
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Definition
-some microbes cannot be grown in pure culture
-some bacteria produce similar symptoms
-some bacteria produce several different kinds of diseases
-affects(only humans)
-viruses are exceptions cannot be grown in pure culture |
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| Hand washing in hospitals |
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| penicillin-left petri dish open |
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-classify by biochemical properties
-sequencing allows for better classification |
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Definition
| is part of the ribosome, which takes place in translation, which makes proteins |
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Definition
-Mitochondria were bacteria
-chloroplasts were cyanobacteria
-bacteria internalized into larger cells and lived together |
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Definition
-Pure culture isolation
-initially used gelatin, now use AGAR |
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Term
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Definition
| oven used to grow bacteria |
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Definition
-high pressure of 15 psi
-temperature 121 C
-steralizes the material |
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Definition
| used to culture diverse bacterial populations in natural environment |
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Definition
| -uses centripetal acceleration to force heavier molecules to bottom of tube |
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Definition
| -must be used to identify and characterize individual microbes |
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Term
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Definition
-light bends as it passes from one medium to another
-refractive index is a measurement of how much light slows down as it passes through a medium
-the direction and magnitude of the bend depends on the refractive indices of the two medium (air and glass) |
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Term
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Definition
| where the lense focuses light rays at a specific place |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance between the center of lens and focal point |
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| strength of lens vs. focal length |
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Definition
| shorter focal length to increase maginfication |
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Definition
-the ability of a lens to distinguish objects that are close together
-shorter wavelength=greater resolution
-wider lens closer to specimen can increase resolution |
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Term
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Definition
| distance between the front surface of lens and surface of cover glass or specimen when it is in sharp focus |
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Definition
| -dark image against a brighter background (one used in lab) |
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Definition
-produces a bright image of the object against a dark background
-image is formed by light refracted/reflected by specimen |
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Term
| Phase-Contrast microscope |
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Definition
| -enhances contrast between intracellular structures having slight differences in refractive index (good way to observe living cells) |
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Term
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Definition
-image seen due to fluorescent light emitted from object. exposes specimen to ultraviolet, violet, or blue light and forms image from resulting fluorescent light
-specimen stained with fluorochromes |
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| Transmission Electron Microscope |
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Definition
-sample fixed in chemical and sliced into sections (thin)
-stained with metal
_very high resolution |
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| Scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
-coated with metal
-used to observe external structures and morphology |
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Term
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Definition
-must be fixed onto slide and stained
HEAT FIXATION: preserves morphology but not internal structure
CHEMICAL FIXATION: used with larger more delicate organisms. chemical penetrates cell to preserve internal structure |
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Term
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Definition
-chromophore: chemical groups with conjugated bonds-gives dye its color
-able to bind to cells |
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Definition
-use 1 dye to stain
-determines cell size, shape, and arrangement |
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Definition
-divides bacteria based on different staining properties
-gram-positive and gram-negative (differences in cell wall)
-pos:purple
-neg:pink |
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Term
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Definition
staph:bunches
strep:chain
dip:pair of 2
tetrad:group of 4
coccobacilli-football shaped
Vibrios-bent shape
spiral
irregular |
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Term
| Deep branching thermophiles |
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Definition
-diverged early from Eukaryotes
-grow at very high temps (fastest growing)
-Aquifex & Thermotoga: live @ boiling temp
-Deinococcus-Thermus: lower temp & radiation resistant
VERY RAPID DNA REPAIR |
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Definition
| only bacteria to produce oxygen gas |
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Definition
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Definition
extremely heat resistant
toxin-formers (clostridium-tetanus, botox & Bacillus-anthrax) |
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Term
| gram-positive actinobacteria |
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Definition
-waxy lipids in cell wall
-source of many antibiotics |
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Term
| Proteobacteria (gram-neg) |
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Definition
| 5 groups: alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon |
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Term
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Definition
-endosymbionts
-obligate intracellular
-photoheterotrophs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-lithotrophs (some are phototrophs)
-use iron & H2S as electron donor
-inner foldings of plasma membrane increase energy production |
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Term
| Enteric Gamma Proteobacteria |
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Definition
-facultative anaerobic rods
-aerobic rods
-found in stomach-e. coli |
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Term
| Enteric Gamma Proteobacteria |
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Definition
-facultative anaerobic rods
-aerobic rods
-found in stomach-e. coli |
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Term
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Definition
-bacteria that attack other bacteria in "packs"
-aggregates into fruiting bodies, disperses myxospores
-parasitizes other bacteria-lyses host |
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Term
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Definition
| -helicobacter pylori: causes stomach ulcers |
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Term
| nitrospirae (gram-negative) |
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Definition
-spiral shape
-most oxidize nitrite to nitrate
-different from spirochetes |
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Term
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Definition
-obligate anerobes
-major flora of human colon |
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Term
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Definition
-flexible, narrow spiral shape
-t. pallidum: causes syphilis |
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Term
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Definition
-obligate intracellular parasites
-larger reticular body: replicate in host
-small elementary body: spread host to host |
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Term
| Planctomycetes/Verrucomicrobia |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-cytoplasm contains compact genome and ribosomes
-cytoplasm surrounded by cell membrane
-cell envelope includes cell membrane, cell wall (peptidoglycan) and outer membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-capsule (not all species): polysaccharide
-S layer (not all species): protein
-thick envelope: 9 amino acid crosslinks in peptidoglycan , tiechoic acids for strength
-thin periplasm
-plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-Capsule(not all species): polysaccharide
-outer membrane: lipopolysaccharide
-thin cell wall: 4 amino acid crosslink
-thick periplasm
-plasma membrane |
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Definition
-phospholipid bilayer
-hydrophillic heads
-hydrophobic tails |
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Term
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Definition
| -provides strength and rigidity to cell |
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Term
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Definition
-single loop of double-stranded DNA
-attach to cell envelope
-replicates once for each cell division |
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Term
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Definition
-cell elongates as it grows
-DNA replicates to make 2 chromosomes
-cell undergoes septation |
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Definition
| bacteria store materials here but are not required for survival |
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Term
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Definition
-attach to cell surface
-Pili: transfer genetic info back and forth from bacteria
-secretion system attach to cells to prey |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-movement away or towards a chemical
-chemoattractants: cause flagella to rotate CCW pushing bacteria forward
-chemorepelants: cause flagella to rotate CW pushing bacteria away |
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Term
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Definition
transport protein required but no energy
(movement along concentration gradient) |
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Term
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Definition
transport protein required and energy
(movement against concentration gradient) |
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Term
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Definition
-pohosphotransferase sytem
-example of active transport
-used to phosphorylate glucose once it enters the cell (if glucose is not phosphorylated it will easily diffuse across the cell) |
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Term
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Definition
-streak plate
-dilution of culture in broth |
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Term
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Definition
-measures optical density
-OD600:(white light) wavelength of monitoring cultures
-OD260: Measures DNA
-OD280:Monitors proteins (more protein more growth) |
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Term
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Definition
1. lag phase (acclimated to environment)
2. Log phase (exponential growth)
3. Stationary phase (live=dead)
4. Death phase (exponential death) |
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Term
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Definition
-bacteria ultimate goal
-cells secrete material to hold to a surface (cells act together)
-cells signal to each other (quorum sensing)
-protects against dispersion and protects against antibiotics |
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Term
| Variations that imact growth |
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Definition
-pH
-temperature
-osmolarity
-oxygen content
-pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-growth rate increases with temperature
-proteins denature if temp gets too high
-psychrophiles: cold 0-20 C
-mesophiles: 12-45 C
-thermophiles: 40-80 C
-extreme thermophiles: 65-113 C |
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Term
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Definition
-barophiles: high pressure (use 16s rRNA to classify)
-barotolerant: grow at high, but not very high pressure
-barosensitive: die at high pressure (most typical bacteria and all mammals) |
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Term
| variation in water content |
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Definition
-solutes raise osmolarity
-high osmolarity reduces available water and lyses bacteria
-Halophiles: require high concentration on NaCl. produce color in salt lakes |
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Term
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Definition
-bacteria regulate pH inside cell
-weak acids can pass through membranes, disrupt pH homeostasis and kill cell
-good for preservatives
-neutralophiles:pH 5-8 (bacteria in gut)
-acidophiles: 0-5 (stomach acid, sulfur lakes)
alkalophiles: 9-11 (soda lakes) |
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Term
| controlling microbial growth |
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Definition
-microbes die at logarithmic rate
-D-value: time to kill 90% of cells
-antimicrobial agents decrease D-value (kills cells faster) |
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