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| using altered forms of microbes to prevent disease |
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| study system of bodily or host defenses tuned to prevent infection |
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THEY ARE NOT LIVING ORGANISMS or CELLS!
small particles that exist at a level of complexity somewhere between large molecules and cells |
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| can live free, but will infect if provided with the opportunity |
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“Father of bacteriology and protozoology”
revealed microbes as discrete entities with microscope |
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| – life forms spontaneously arose intact from vital forces inherent in nonliving or decomposing matter |
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| life forms arise only from other living things of the same kind |
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placed meat in covered vs. uncovered containers
maggots did not arise spontaneously from the meat, but required contact with something in the air around the meat container (flies) |
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| microbial growth in covered and uncovered "infusions" (boiled hay water) |
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| boiled broth in flasks with swan-shaped necks |
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| mothers in home births experienced fewer infections than mothers who gave birth in hospital |
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| correlated infections with physicians coming directly from autopsy to maternity ward |
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| introduced aseptic techniques:wash/ disinfect hands, treat air with strong antiseptic chemicals (phenol) |
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| designed to reduce/prevent introduction of infectious agent in a medical setting (wound treatment, surgery) |
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| Given microbe causes given disease (causal relationship) |
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1. Find evidence of a particular microbe in every case of the disease
2. Isolate that microbe from an infected individual and cultivate it artificially in the laboratory
3. Inoculate a susceptible healthy subject with the laboratory isolate and look for resultant disease
4. Re-isolate the same agent from this diseased subject (from #3 above) |
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anthrax was caused by a bacterium, Bacillus anthracis (1875)
tuberculosis = Nobel Prize (1905) |
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| Divided organisms into “taxa”, or groupings based on shared characteristics |
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| 3 Domain Classification system (Woese-Fox) |
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1. Eukarya (superkingdom) — includes all eucaryotes
Procaryotes are subdivided:
2. Archaea (archaebacteria)
3. Bacteria |
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| 5 Kingdom classification system (Whittaker, traditional) |
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| Kingdom – Phylum – Class – Order – Family – Genus – Species |
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| compounds that contain a basic framework of the elements carbon and hydrogen. |
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Simple Sugars and more complex Polysaccharides
compound of the general formula (CH2O)n |
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| covalently link monosaccharide units into disaccharides and polysaccharides |
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Pentose – 5 carbons (e.g. Ribose, Xylose)
Hexose – 6 carbons (e.g. Glucose, fructose, galactose) |
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Lactose (milk; glucose + galactose)
e.g. Maltose (malt sugar = 2 x glucose)
e.g. Sucrose (table sugar; glucose + fructose) |
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| starch, glycogen, cellulose, agar, chitin, peptidoglycan, lipopolysaccharide (some bacterial cell walls) |
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| one glycerol and 3 fatty acids, can be saturated or unsaturated |
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| Fatty acids linked through -COOH to -OH of glycerol |
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Glycerol
2 fatty acids
Phosphate group (where 3rd fatty acid would be in triglyceride |
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Amino group (NH2)
Carboxyl group (COOH)
Central carbon |
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| join amino acids into polymers |
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| primary protein structure |
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| secondary protein structure |
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| hydrogen bonding for helix or sheet |
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| tertiary protein structure |
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| folded (di-sulfide bonds) |
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| quaternary protein structure |
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| combine protein complexes |
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| – temporary copy of DNA (gene) used as “blueprint” for protein synthesis. |
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| specific RNA sequences that serve as part of ribosomes (the enzymes that read mRNA and assemble the proteins) |
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| very small RNAs which are used by ribosomes as decoding tools to match every 3 nucleotides (a codon) in mRNA with the proper amino acid. |
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C = specimen Collection
1. Inoculation
2. Incubation
3. Isolation
4. Inspection
5. Identification |
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| Bacterial sample is spread out over the solid medium in a long streak using an inoculating loop. |
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| Pour Plate (loop dilution) method |
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| Bacterial sample is diluted into melted agar (cooled so as not to kill the bacterium) |
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| Liquid bacterial sample is spread evenly over the surface using “hockey stick” |
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chemically not defined
usually contains some sort of extract produced from extract of animal, plant or yeast |
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chemically defined
made by combining specific chemicals from reagent bottles |
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| contain one or more agents that inhibit the growth of certain microbe(s) |
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| contain an agent which will cause different organisms to display distinguishing characteristics |
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Selective — high NaCl concentration
Staphylococcus resistant b/c thick cell walls
Differential — Mannitol (a sugar) & pH indicator (phenol red) staphylococcus can change the color from red to yellow |
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Selective — Bile salts
Selects for growth of gram-negative bacteria
Differential — Lactose & pH indicator (neutral red) turns pink |
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Three parts:
(1) Filament = long slender protein whip-like structure
10-20 nm width; may be up to 70 m in length
(2) Hook (sheath) = connects filament to basal body
Right angle-shaped piece
(3) Basal body = series of rings anchored into the cell wall |
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movement in response to chemical gradients
Counter-clockwise rotation - forward swimming
Clockwise rotation - bacterium stops and changes direction |
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| arranged in small tufts or bunches |
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| flagella grouped at both ends/poles of a cell |
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| randomly dispersed over cell surface |
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| Periplasmic flagella (or Axial filament) |
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| ▪ Long, coiled threads(“internal flagella”) run along the length (axis) of the bacterial body in the periplasmic space (outside of cell membrane, but inside of cell wall) |
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| Short, bristle-like fibers, protein, for attatchment |
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| Long, rigid tubular structure of protein for conjugation |
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| which catalytically destroys peptidoglycan |
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| blue/purple with Gram stain, one Thick outer peptidoglycan layer |
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| pink safranin, two layer structure |
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| found in gram negative outer layer, – holes or membrane channels to allow selective passage of molecules |
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| found in gram negative outer membrane, immunologically important irritant; acts as endotoxin that causes fever and shock |
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| minor differences (same species!) in cell shape due to nutritional or hereditary differences |
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| staphylococci, micrococci |
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| cubical packet of 8, 16 or more |
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| chain partially attached at two cell hinges |
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▪ typical, but very tiny gram negative bacteria
▪ Obligate intracellular parasites
▪ transmitted via arthropod bite to mammals
▪ Important diseases:
e.g. Rocky mountain spotted fever ticks (Rickettsia rickettsii)
e.g. Epidemic typhus human lice (Rickettsia prowazekii) |
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▪ Obligate intracellular parasites
▪ not transmitted by arthropods
▪ e.g. Chlamydia trachomatis = eye infection & one of most common STDs
▪ also gram negative |
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| no cell wall; pleomorphic; small |
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| dormant, form can survive adverse conditions |
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▪ flagella and/or ameba motion
▪ most form cysts and are free living
▪ some are parasites |
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▪ ameba
▪ human pathogen = Entamoeba |
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| Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)/sporozoite |
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special spore-like resistant form following sexual repro.
▪ important for spread of these infections to humans
▪ transmitted to humans by [insect] vector |
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| alternate host used for transport; distinct lifecycles in both hosts |
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