Term
| What are responsible for activating the immune response in humans? |
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Definition
| toll like receptors and NOD receptors |
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Term
| What do TLR and NOD receptors recognize? what are these? |
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Definition
| PAMPS (pathogen associated molecular patterns); conservedd features of pathgens essential for their viability |
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Term
| What are cytokines? what do they do? |
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Definition
| polypeptide hormones produced upon infection; regulate the immune response by altering the function of the innate and adaptive immune cells |
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Term
| What does it mean to be pleiotropy? redundancy? which part of the innate immune response has these characteristics? |
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Definition
| to act on multiple targets causing different functions; many can produce the same effect; cytokines |
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Term
| How are cytokines grouped? |
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Definition
| according to the cell surface receptors that they activate |
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Term
| what are chemokines? what do they do? |
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Definition
| specific set of cytokines; stimulate immune cells to migrate to areas of high concentration of chemokines |
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Term
| What is inflammation? how is it activated? |
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Definition
| hallmark of the activation of the innate immune response; release of inflammatory receptors |
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Term
| What are the 5 signs of inflammation? |
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Definition
| redness, pain, swelling, heat, loss of movement |
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Term
| What are the 4 main functions of inflammation? |
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Definition
| 1. recruit immune cells 2. enhance immune cell function 3. limit spread of infection 4. promote tissue repair |
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Term
| What are the functions of inflammatory molecules? |
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Definition
| 1. stimulate local blood vessels 2. recruit immune cells to the site of inflammation 3. leads to immune cell activation |
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Term
| Which cells release inflammation mediators? what are the inflammation mediators? |
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Definition
| mast cells and macrophages; cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators |
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Term
| How does inflammation recruit immune cells? |
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Definition
| proteins inside the blood vessel are regulated along the site of infection causing the cells to slow down and eventually stop |
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Term
| What is systemic inflammation?What can happen during systemic inflammation? |
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Definition
| when your body thinks there is an infection everywhere; collapse of blood vessels, multiple organ failures, death |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the complement pathway? |
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Definition
| activates the innate immune response |
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Term
| What is the membrane attack complex? what does this lead to? |
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Definition
| a pore of C9 in the surface of the pathogen; cytoloysis (filling of the bacteria with fluid to make it burst) |
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Term
| What leads to activation of the classical pathway? |
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Definition
| antibody binding to pathogen |
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Term
| What is the function of Interferons? |
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Definition
| inhibiting viral replication by inducing changes in infected cells |
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Term
| what are the outcomes of the complement pathway? |
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Definition
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