Term
| What are the three keys to a productive immune system? |
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Definition
| 1. Diversity of Recognition 2. Specificity for Infection 3. Control of Response |
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Term
| What type of barriers to pathogen growth does the skin provide? |
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Definition
| physical, chemical, mechanical |
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Term
| What are the physical barriers of the skin against pathogen growth? |
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Definition
| Tight junctions between cells prevent pathogen invasion |
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Term
| What are the mechanical barriers of the skin against pathogen growth? |
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Definition
| shedding of skin cells, sweating |
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Term
| What are the chemical barriers of the skin against pathogen growth? |
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Definition
| dry, cool, salty and acidic; lysosome; sebum: |
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Term
| What areas of the body does the mucus membrane line? |
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Definition
| lungs, eyes, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract |
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Term
| What are the physical barriers of the mucus membrane? |
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Definition
| goblet cells release mucus, epiglottis covers trachea |
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Term
| What are the mechanical barriers of the mucus membrane? |
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Definition
| ciliary escalator: cilia in lower respiratory tract propel dust and microorganisms up the throat |
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Term
| What are the chemical barriers of the mucus membrane? |
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Definition
| vagina and stomach: low pH, tears and saliva: lysosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a fatty acid that coats the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| an enzyme that breaks down bacterial walls |
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Term
| How do the normal flora and pathogens compete for colonization? |
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Definition
| compete for nutrients, produce toxic substances, alter growth conditions |
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Term
| What are the functions of the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
| 1. remove excess fluid from tissues and return it to blood 2. serve as a highway for immune cells 3. watch over immune system function |
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Term
| What are the major parts of the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
| lymphnodes, spleen, gut-associated lymphatic tissues |
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Term
| What is the function of the lymphnodes? |
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Definition
| collect cells and fluid from the tissues |
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Term
| What is the function of the spleen? |
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Definition
| collect cells and fluid from the blood |
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Term
| What is the function of the GALT? |
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Definition
| remove cells and fluid from the mucosal lining of the intestinal tract |
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Term
| What is the reticuloendothelial system? |
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Definition
| a permeable network of tissue fibers that connects cells and organs (extracellular space outside of organs) |
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Term
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Definition
| connects blood capillaries to lymphatic system, provides a niche for immune cells that reside in the tissues (attack various invaders of these tissues) |
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Term
| What is hematopoesis? where does it occur? |
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Definition
| immune cells differentiate from hematopoetic stem cells; liver of infants and red bone marrow of adults |
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Term
| What are the three main functions of the immune system? |
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Definition
| detect and kill pathogens, recruit immune system cells, activate the adaptive immune response |
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Term
| What are some reasons the first line of defense might fail? |
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Definition
| wounds, insect bites, defective mucus membrane, malnutrition, chronic disease, pathogen invasion |
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Term
| What are the 3 main purposes of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| 1. remove and kill pathogens 2. induce inflammation 3. initiate the adaptive immune response |
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Term
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Definition
| long-lived phagocytes that differentiate from monocytes that migrate to the site of infection |
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Term
| Where do macrophages reside? |
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Definition
| in the tissues (they are named differently for whichever tissue they live in) |
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Term
| What is the function of dendritic cells? where do they reside? |
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Definition
| process pathogens and present them to lymphocytes; RES and tissues |
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Term
| What are the 3 main functions of macrophages and dendrites? |
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Definition
| 1. phagocytose and kill microbes 2. induce inflammation 3. help stimulate the adaptive immune response |
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Term
| What is another name for neutrophils? |
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Definition
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) |
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Term
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Definition
| short-lived phagocytes that rapidly migrate to the site of infection and inflammation |
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Term
| What is the job of a neutrophil? |
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Definition
| phagocytose and kill microbes and then die by apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What types of cells are important in the early phases of infection? WHy? the later phase? |
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Definition
| neutrophils (attack quick and try to stop the infection before it is established), macrophages (phagocytose pathogens and worn out immune cels and activate the adaptive immune response) |
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Term
| What are the phases of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| chemotaxis, engolfment, formation of vessicle (phagolysosome), digestion, release (activates other immune cells) |
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Term
| On phagocytes, what type of surface receptors directly recognize pathogens? indirectly? |
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Definition
| innate immune receptors; opsonin receptors |
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Term
| What are the granulocyte cells of the innate immune system? what do they contain? |
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Definition
| basophils, eosinophils, and mast cells; granules with inflammatory mediators |
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Term
| Which type of granulocyte recruits the others? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do granulocytes protect? |
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Definition
| epithelial surfaces (especially mucosal membranes) |
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Term
| What do granulocytes fight? |
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Definition
| multicellular parasites and mucosal pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
| non specifically recognize virally infected cells and kill them |
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Term
| What are the 3 main purposes of a granulocytes release of inflammatory mediators? |
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Definition
| 1. create a hostile environment for pahtogen growht 2. directly kill the pathogen 3. further activate the immune response |
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Term
| What are important mediators for allergies and asthma? |
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Definition
| mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils |
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