Optimal growth between -5C and 20C

Found in supercooled waters 

Optimal growth between 20C and 50C;

Most bacteria fall into this class 

Occurs when a cell is in a hypertonic environment.

The cell shrinks.  

Capable of growth in moderate concentrations.

Staphylococcus aureus 

E.Coli - Gram negative

Short rods 

Indicator bacteria that ferment lactose to produce acid and gas.

Gram-negative

Facultative anaerobic

Non-endospore forming 

Lactose broth is inoculated to test for production of gas.

Coliforms produce small colonies with dark centers(nucleated colonies).

Inhibits Gram-positive bacteria.

Contains methylene blue. 

*Note - can appear metallic green due to E. Coli 

Contains fuchsin sulfite indicator 

The colonies are red = lactose fermenter

Inhibits gram-positive growth.

*Note- Can appear metallic green due to E.Coli 

Fluid thioglycollate medium

(FTM) 

Proteus most susceptible

P. Aeruginosa most resistant 

1st Tube: No motility

2nd Tube: Motility

ei: Proteus 

Semi-soft agar 

1st Tube: Control

2nd Tube:K/K = No sugar fermented  

3rd Tube: K/A = ONLY glucose fermented 

4th Tube:A/A gas

5th Tube:A/A gas, H2S

6th Tube: K/A gas H2S

Urease Test

Positive: Hot pink

Negative: Yellow 

Urea is being converted ammonia which raises the pH 

Methylene blue

Basic fushsin

Crystal violet

Pleomorphism

Metachromatic  granules

Palisade arrangements 

Irregularity of form

Distinct reddish-purple granules within cells after being stained with methylene blue.

Parallel arrangement of rod-shaped cells. 

Negative Staining  - Nigrosin and India Ink

Positive Acid Fast = Pink

Negative = Methylene Blue

Mycolic Acid found in Mycobacteria 

Endospore

Schaeffer-Fulton Method 

Positive = Red

Negative = Blue 

MacConkey

Selects for Gram negative,lac positive

colonies will be red 

Indole Positive = Cherry Red Ring

Negative = No color change

Reagent:  Kovac 

Can organism use citrate as a source of carbon

Green-->negative you dumb fuck

Blue-->positive

[image]

What bacteria is this? 

E. Coli

Gram Stain Negative 

Test for cytochrome c

Scrape will turn purple after about 5 seconds 

[image]

What bacteria is this? 

Staphalacoccous Aureus

Gram Positive 

MSA agar

Staph Aureus will turn yella

Selects for halotolerant bacteria 

What shape is seratia?

Short Rod

Gram Negative 

What shape is Proteus?

Short Rods

Gram Negative 

Tube 1: Obligate Aerobes

Tube 2: Faculatative Anaerobe 

Tube 3: Aerotolerant Anaerobe 

Tube 4: Obligate Anaerobe 

Top is alpha hemolyis = green streaks

Bottom is beta hemolysis = clear/white streaks

Gamma hemolysis = See streak pattern but no color change 

Recognition

Penetration

Replication

Release 

Antibiotic - Usually produced by microorganisms that inhibit or kill other microorganisms.

Antimicrobial - Usually chemically synthesized. 

Low power - 10x

High-dry - 40x

Oil-immersion-100x 

Located under the stage.

Collects and directs the light from the lamp to the slide. 

The ability of seperate two objects in a microscopic field.

Limit of resolution - 0.2 micrometers 

Star diaphragm

Cardioid condenser

Contains an opaque disk that blocks the central rays of light.  

Protozoa - all have cysts

 Algae - have chloroplasts and pellicle

synthesize starch 

Streak Plate - Involves more skill

Pour plate - Involves mroe media, plates, etc.

Same thing as capsule.

Plays a protective role and prevents phagocytic white blood cells. 

Schaeffer-Fulton Method

Dorner Method 

Carbolfuschin and heat.

Acid-fast appears red

Non acid-fast appears blue. 

Movement caused by currents under the cover glass.

Not true motility 

4-400nm

Note: Shorter wavelength - more damaging to cells

260nm UV light is most germicidal because DNA absorbs the most UV light at this wavelength. 

What happens when DNA absorbs UV light?

SOS 

Pyrimindine Dimers form from adjacent T's or C's.

Enzymatically removes dimers and inserts new pyrimidines.

Antiseptics

Disinfectant and two types

Bacteriostatic

Bacteriocidal 

Antiseptics - Alcohol or betadine - inhibits microbial growth and can be applied to tissues.

Disinfectants - Chemical agents applied to inanimate objects.

 Sterilants/Sporocides - destroy all microbial life and endospores

Santizer - Reduce microbial number to safe levels but does not kill them.

Bacteriostatic - only inhibit growth of bacteria

Bacteriocidal - kills bacterial cells. 

Pus-forming

Staphylocci and streptococci

Hospital-acquired.

Note: Most of the human population are carriers of staphylococci 

Gram-positive

Non-spore forming

Cocci

From Dense clusters of cells or singularity.

Why is staph aureus pathogenic?

Where is it found?

What conditions will it grow in? 

It can coagulate plasma

Found in the nose

Halotolerant - 10% NaCl 

Contains mannitol (duh)

The NaCl inhibits organisms other then staph (selective)

If mannitol is fermented to produce acid - phenol red changes to yellow. 

Contains NaCl and mannitol but lacks phenol red.

It favors colony pigmentation by different strains of

S. Aureus. 

Coagulase Test

Which bacteria can cause a false positive reaction? 

Used to confirm identification of S. Aureus.

Pseudomonas can cause false postive reaction. 

Streptococci:

Occur in chains rather than in clusters.

Lack catalase which degrades hydrogen peroxide to form water and oxygen.

Able to cause lysis of red blood cells. 

Beta-hemolytic

Alpha-hemolytic 

Beta - most serious and produces a clear zone.

Alpha - partial hemolysis of the red cells. 

Enzymes secreted outside the cell to degrade large macromolecules.

Note : Bacteria cannot carry out phagocytosis because of rigid cell wall. 

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Substrate level phosphorylation 

Oxidative - the shuttling of electrons down an electron transport chain involving cytochrome facilitates the movement of the protons to the outside of the cell.

Substrate - how ATP is synthesized in fermentation. 

O/F glucose test

Carbohydrates in Durham tubes.

Methyl Red test

Voges-Proskauer Test

Citrate Test - Blue (positive)

Green(Negative) 

Oxidase Test - Checks of cytochrome C, turns purple

Catalase test - catalase degrades hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water.

Nitrate Reduction - some facultative anaeroces can use nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor.