Biogenesis- Living organisms give rise to mare living organisms

a process known as spontaneous generation was a theory once believed that life would form after time spontaneously. This belief was due to the common observation that maggots or mould appeared to arise spontaneously when organic matter was left exposed

Disproved spontaneous generation using curved long neck flask

- discovered yeast to be a living organism

- discovered pasteurization by gental heating to kill harmful microbes.

Anti septics

 germ thoery of disease

sepsus due to microbes

asceptic surgery

heating instruments

Proved germ theory of disease

Discovered anthrax sppores and realized the germ was causing them and this explained anthrax disease spontaneous occurrances

discovered cause of TB

TB Vaccination

AGAR and pure culturing

cause of cholera

Koches postitulates

Magic bullet

chemotherapy

syphilis cure

antibiotics such as penicillin and sulfonimides

Antibiotics produced by living organisms

Discovered Lysozyme (the bodys natural antibiotic)

Discovered antibiotic resistance

What is the germ theory of disease?

The germ theory of disease, also called the pathogenic theory of medicine, is a theory that proposes that microorganisms are the cause of many diseases. Although highly controversial when first proposed, it is now a cornerstone of modern medicine and clinical microbiology, leading to such important innovations as antibiotics and hygienic practices.^[1]

What is the purpose of Koch's postulates?

need susceptible host

need pure cilture _ foodd for syphilis, leprosy, viruses

-difficulty identifying the disease

-host does not come down with the disease (polio)

WHAT are the 4 steps of Koch's postulates ?

1. The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease, but not in healthy organisms.
2. The microorganism must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture.
3. The cultured microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism.
4. The microorganism must be reisolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent.

Rods (bacilli)

-diplo, strepto

 sheres (cocci)

 -diplo, strepto, tetra, staphylo

spirals

-spirillum, spirochete, vibrio

Rods (bacilli)

-diplo is a pair end to end

-strepto = chain

Spheres(cocci)

-diplo and strepto

-also tetra (tetrad)

-staphylo (cluster)

Rods

-Streptobacillus

Shpheres

-Staphylococcus

No Nucleus

Naked DNA

One looped chromosome

No membranous organelles

- mitochondria, lysosomes, ER, etc

No mitosis (binarry fission)

Cell wall not cellulose or chitin

Size 0.5 - 2 uM

Desribe structure and function of the following:

Flagella

A slime layer in bacteria is an easily removed, diffuse, unorganised layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells

The function of the slime layer is to protect the bacteria cells from environmental dangers such as antibiotics and desiccation. The slime layer also allows bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces such as prosthetic medical devices and catheters

The central filliment of a flagellum or cilium. Also called axoneme.

(cell and molecular biology) The central microtubule elements of a cilium or flagellum.

the motor

provides motility

A pilus (Latin for 'hair'; plural : pili) is a hairlike appendage found on the surface of many bacteria. The terms pilus and fimbria (Latin for 'thread' or 'fiber'; plural: fimbriae) are often used interchangeably, although some researchers reserve the term pilus for the sexual appendage required for bacterial conjugation. All pili are primarily composed of oligomeric pilin proteins.

A plasmid is a extrachromosomal DNA molecule separate from the chromosomal DNA and capable of autonomous replication. In many cases, it is typically circular and double-stranded. It usually occurs naturally in bacteria, and is sometimes found in eukaryotic organisms (e.g., the 2-micrometre-ring in Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

used for conjugation of cells

The term capsule in microbiology refers to a layer that lies outside the cell wall of bacteria. This layer is well organized and not easily washed off. It is usually composed of polysaccharides. Capsules help protect bacteria against phagocytosis. Capsules also contain water which protects bacteria against desiccation. They also exclude bacterial viruses and most hydrophobic toxic materials such as detergents.

Ribosomes

(from ribonucleic acid and "greek: soma (meaning body)") are complexes of RNA and protein that are found in all cells.The function of ribosomes is the assembly of proteins, in a process called translation. Ribosomes do this by catalysing the assembly of individual amino acids into polypeptide chains; this involves binding a messenger RNA and then using this as a template to join together the correct sequence of amino acids. This reaction uses adapters called transfer RNA molecules, which read the sequence of the messenger RNA and are attached to the amino acids.

Gram-negative bacteria are those bacteria that do not retain crystal violet dye in the Gram staining protocol

1. Cytoplasmic membrane
2. Thin peptidoglycan layer (which is present in much higher levels in Gram-positive bacteria)
3. Outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS, which consists of lipid A, core polysaccharide, and O antigen) outside the peptidoglycan layer
4. Porins exist in the outer membrane, which act like pores for particular molecules
5. There is a space between the layers of peptidoglycan and the secondary cell membrane called the periplasmic space
6. The S-layer is directly attached to the outer membrane, rather than the peptidoglycan
7. If present, flagella have four supporting rings instead of two
8. No teichoic acids or lipoteichoic acids are present
9. Lipoproteins are attached to the polysaccharide backbone whereas in Gram-positive bacteria no lipoproteins are present
10. Most do not sporulate (Coxiella burnetti, which produces spore-like structures, is a notable exception)

layer contains enzymes for digestion

separates outer and inner layer

inner layer has phospholipids

outer layer has LPS(lipopolysaccharide)

thick in gram pos

thin in gram neg

allows for the stain gram + blue

gram neg - red

gram - 2 rings for support

gram + 4 rings

resist staining

highly resistant

gram pos only

what are the three domains?

animal

plant

fungi

protista

protist- unicellular, eating, asexual

fungi- multicellular, parasitic, sarcotrophic, asexual and sexual

plants- multicellular, absorption and photosynthesis, sexual and asexual

animals- multicellular, eating, sexual

rhodosperella rubra

staphylococcus epidermis

streptococcus pneumonae

vibro cholera

bacillus megaterium

escherichio coli

reisserea gonorrhae

clostridium tetani

triponema pallidium

various components in cell wall but not petidoglycan

no flagella, fibrio, spores,

may live in hostile environment

Candida albicans

Escherichia coli

Helicobactor pylori

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Rickettsia akari

Salmonella enterica

Staphylococcus aureus

Treponema pallidum

what are the three major divisions regarding cell wall?

Give examples of each

thin wall gram - (e coli)

think wall gram + (staphylococcus)

tenericutes- wall-less soft no rigid cell wall

(mycoplasia)

no photosynthesis

saprotrophs

Sexual and asexual reproduction is commonly via spores, often produced on specialized structures or in fruiting bodies. Some fungal species have lost the ability to form specialized reproductive structures, and propagate solely by vegetative growth.