(Gr. κυανός (kyanós) = blue) or  Cyanophyta or blue-green algae (misnomer), e  photosynthesis, "cyanobacteria"  color,  component  marine N cycle (N2=>NH4),  also land;  oxygenic (O2 prod)  photosynthesis prob.  converted early reducing atmosphere into oxidizing one, dramatically changed life forms causing explosion of biodiversity. Chloroplasts evolved fr. cyanobacteria.

ANOXYGENIC PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA,

PURPLE & GREEN PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

Morph. div. spirals rods cocci, budding, photoautotrophs,  P. Sulfur/non S B. a-y-proteoB., sediments lakes/ponds, gen. anaerobic, photosynthetic ==> CH2O, anoxygenic,
CHROMATIUM representative  genus

                GRAM POSITIVE  BACTERIA

Divided into 2 groups I. high G+C ratio  II. low G+C ratio  based on guanosine/cytosine
 phylum Firmicutes, (largest gr.),  Bacillus, Listeria, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus,  Clostridium, Mollicutes,  Mycoplasma ( lack cell walls cannot stain);  Unique to Gram-positive bacteria is  teichoic acids

                       CLOSTRIDIALES

Clostridium are obligate  anaerobes, rod shaped, endospores, bioremediation. 
C. perfringens (Gangrene,Food Poisoning)
C. difficile (Colitis)
C. tetani (Tetanus)
C. botulinum (Botulism)
C. acetobutylicum

                       EPULOPISCIUM

Domain    Bacteria
Division   Firmicutes
Class      Clostridia
Order      Clostridiales, unclassified Clostridiales
Family     ?

Genus     Epulopiscium

extremely  large recent  discovered B., 25x as  much  DNA as human cell,  E. fishelsoni found in the gut of surgeonfish

                        BACILLUS

Domain   Bacteria
Division  Firmicutes
Class      Bacilli
Order      Bacillales
Family    Bacillaceae
Genus    Bacillus

typically  rods, endospore  form. soil, H. path. some  produce  @ , ass.w ear infections, meningitis, uti,  septicemia, Mostly  secondary infections in immunodeficient hosts, prod. toxins
B anthracis (anthrax, bioterrorism). primarily herbivore D. non  motile facultative  anaerobe B. thuringiensis  insect  path. B. cereus food poisoning

                     STAPHYLOCOCCUS

Domain   Bacteria
Phylum   Firmicutes
Class      Bacilli
Order      Bacillales
Family    Staphylococcaceae
Genus    Staphylococcus

spherical G+,  immob.,  clusters,  form bunches (divide in two planes),  facult. anaer.,  grow by aerobic respiration,  fermentation p. lactic acid, 2 types  colonies, S. aureus are yellow  become large , S. epidermidi  white  form  small colonies; H. path S. aureus skin, enterotoxins in food P.,  toxic shock S.,  @ resistance,

                      LACTOBACILLALES

Domain    Bacteria
Division

G+ lactic acid B.   widespread  soil, water, plants  animalsm prod. fermented foods, obligate anaerobes, aerotolerant L.

G+ facultative anaerobic  lactic acid bacteria group, convert lactose/sugars  lactic acid, usually benign,  vagina/G.I,  symbiotic/flora, prominent decaying plant material.

                   STREPTOCOCCUS 

G+ lactic acid B. Cell div occurs along single axis, grow in chains/pairs ('streptos' easily bent/twisted, chain), oxidase– and catalase–negstrep. throat,  meningitis, B. pneumonia, endocarditis, erysipelas, necrotizing fasciitis ('flesh-eating' B) S. pyogenes  principle path scarlet  f. , pharangytis, rheumatic f., erysipelas, impetigo, S. mutans caries, S. pneumoniae m. comm. pne.,, .  However, many  non-path,  flora of mouth, skin, intestine, upper G.I., , classified based on hemolytic properties Alpha/Beta/Gamma hemolysis, B.-hemolytic strep characterised  Lancefield serotyping - Lancefield groups A to T, medical setting most import are  alpha-hemolytic strep., S. pneumoniae, S. Viridans-group, beta-hemolytic strep. of Lancefield groups A and B (known as “Group A Strep” and “Group B Strep”)

                   ENTEROCOCCUS 

LAB G+ cocci (often diplococci)  facultative anaerobic, typically g-hemolytic, adapted to rich  nutrients/low o2 such as G.I. vagina oral  cavity,  uti, (often  E. faecalis  E. faecium)  , bacteremia, b. endocarditis, diverticulitis, meningitis, hardy m. persistant  contaminant, @ Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin/vancomycin, @ res. Some resistant to β-lactam-based antibiotics, Vancomycin-Resistant (VRE) emerging in nosocomial infect. VRE may be treated with Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid)

                    ENTEROCOCCUS 

LAB G+ cocci (often diplococci)  E. faecalis  E. faecium   facultative anaerobic, typically g-hemolytic uti,, bacteremia, b. endocarditis, diverticulitis, meningitis. @ Sensitive strains of these bacteria can be treated with ampicillin/vancomycin, @ res. Some resistant to β-lactam-based antibiotics, Vancomycin-Resistant (VRE) emerging in nosocomial infect. VRE may be treated with Quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid)

                         LISTERIA

Domain   Bacteria
Phyllum  Firmicutes
Class      Bacilli
Order      Bacillales
Family    Listeriaceae
Genus    Listeria

species ( N. Joseph Lister), G+, soil, stream water, sewage, plants, and food (esp. dairy). rod-shaped L. monocytogenes   Listeriosis (foodborne), L. ivanovii path ruminants, L. monocytogenes, incredibly hardy  grow t.4°C to 37°C, meningitis, penetrates placenta (stillborn), targets imm. sys.  Once phagocytosed (survives pagocytosis), it is an intracytoplasmic parasite

                   MYCOPLASMATALES

Domain   Bacteria
Phyllum   Firmicutes
Class      Mollicutes
Order     Mycoplasmatales

Pleomorphic lack cell wall fillamentous ('mykes' fungus 'plasma' formed) small orig. thought to  be  virus, path M. pneumoniae M. spiroplasma pl path, M. ureaplasma uti, fried  egg  appearance

                  ACTINOBACTERIA

Domain   Bacteria
Phylum   Actinobacteria
Class     Actinobacteria

Actinobacteria or Actinomycetes G+ > G+C,aer. some  anaer, soil, pl. ani., decomp org. C cycle., cellulose/chitin, 2nd met. pleo, many filamentous,  prod. > pharm. commer. interest. DNA w > GC some Actinomycetes \w spores, Nat. occur @ discovered esp. Streptomyces.  path, Mycobacterium (tb, leprosy), Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus,  Streptomyces.

                MYCOBACTERIUM

Phylum      Actinobacteria
Order        Actinomycetales
Suborder  Corynebacterineae
Family      Mycobacteriaceae
Genus      Mycobacterium

M. given its own family, Mycobacteriaceae. aer non endospore f., soil, H2O, cell wall struct. similar to G- ==> stain acid-fast, @ resistance, path. (M. tuberculosis, M. leprae). "myco—" means both fungus and wax; its use relates to "waxy" comp.in cell wall. mycolic acid outer wall resist drying, drugs, also  slows  nutrients and c slow   growth

                 CORYNEBACTERIUM

Kingdom     Bacteria
Phylum       Actinobacteria
Order         Actinomycetales
Suborder    Corynebacterineae
Family       Corynebacteriaceae
Genus        Corynebacterium

coryne 'club' G+, facul.anaer., n-motile n-sporulated, rods, skin flora/mm,  soil, trees,  nondiphtheria s. path anim/H- granulomatous lymphadenitis, pneumonitis, pharyngitis, skin infections, and endocarditis(indwelling  devices), Infect. by diphtheroids occur elderly, neutropenic,  immunocompromised pts,  non-diptheiroid C.  in human MM,  mass prod. amino acids including L-Glutamic Acid, L-Lysine and L-Threonine. C. diptheriae

                     PROPIONIBACTERIUM

Kingdom    Bacteria
Phylum      Actinobacteria
Order        Actinomycetales
Family       Propionibacteriaceae
Genus      Propionibacterium
Species    P. acnes

slow growing, aerotolerant anaerobic G+,  commensal (skin) lives on fatty acids in sebaceous glands on sebum secreted by pores, GI, acne, blepharitis,endophthalmitis,  named after  ability to generate propionic acid, ferments  cheese.

                    GARDNERELLA

Kingdom   Bacteria   
Phylum     Actinobacteria
Order       Bifidobacteriales
Family      Bifidobacteriaceae
Genus      Gardnerella
Species   G. vaginali

Gram-variable B.,   G. vaginalis is the only species (vaginosis, proteolysis-cadaverines/putrescines--> odor/H2O loss, tx metronidazole.)   typically isolated in genital cultures,  may be detected in  blood, urine, pharynx

                         FRANKIA

Kingdom    Bacteria
Phylum      Actinobacteria
Order        Actinomycetales
Suborder  Frankineae
Family      Frankiaceae
Genus      Frankia

nitrogen fixing filamentous B. live  symbiotically with actinorhizal pl. form root nodules. Actinorhizal plants  classified in eight families. diverse group  mostly woody dicots,  alder, bayberry, sweetfern, Dryas, Chamaebatia and Coriaria

                       STREPTOMYCES

Domain   Bacteria
Phylum   Actinobacteria
Order      Actinomycetales
Family    Streptomycetaceae
Genus    Streptomyces

largest genus of A.,  G+ generally high GC, soil, decaying vegetation, strict  aerobes, most produce asexual spores 'conidospores', distinct "earthy" odor (gas- geosmin).  produce 2/3 rds @ of natural origin (e.g., neomycin, chloramphenicol). streptomycin from Streptomyces.  infrequent path, mycetoma  S. somaliensis  S. sudanensis, plants  scabies  S. caviscabies  S. scabies.

                        ACTINOMYCES

Domain    Bacteria
Phylum    Actinobacteria
Order      Actinomycetales
Family     Actinomycetaceae
Genus     Actinomyces

G+ Some  anaerobic, others facultatively anaerobic n-spore f., rods, morph colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae. opport. path , particularly in oral cavity, actinomycosis (A. israelii abscesses in mouth, lungs, GI), smell of topsoil after rain

                        NOCARDIA

Phylum     Actinobacteria
Order        Actinomycetales
Suborder  Corynebacterineae
Family      Nocardiaceae
Genus     Nocardia

Nocardia  G+, aerobic, filamentous,  usu.  acid-fast, catalase-positive, rods, soil, some  path, nocardiosis, pulmonary inf. N. asteroides, mycetoma N. asteroides,  infections route  inhalation/ trauma