Term
| How are Prokaryote cells different from Eukaryote? |
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Definition
1. No membrane bound nucleus
2. No membrane bound organelles
3. No Histone protein attached to dna
4. Reproduce throug binary fission
5. Cell walls with peptidoglycan (usually) |
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Term
| What are the ways to identify bacteria? |
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Definition
1. Metabolism
2. Environment
3. Motility
4. Arrangement
5. Shape
6. Stain |
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Term
| What are the main functions of the cell wall? |
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Definition
1. Give cell shape/rigidity
2. Provide anchorage site for flagellum
3. *Protect cell membrane from rupturing during osmotic changes |
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Term
| If you had the cell wall and dna of an organism, how could you tell if it was bacterial? |
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Definition
look for:
1. presence of peptidoglycan
2. presence of D-amino pimelic acid
3. absence of histone protein in dna |
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Term
| What amino acids are involved in the polypeptides of peptidoglycan? Which one is unique to bacteria? |
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Definition
1. L-alanine
2. D-alanine
3. D-glutamic acid
4. D-amino pimelic acid * |
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Term
| What do cells use phosphate for? |
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Definition
1. dna
2. ATP
3. phospholipid membranes
4. proteins |
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Term
| Describe the different flagellum arrangements on bacteria |
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Definition
1. atrichous - no flagellum
2. monotrichous-one flagellum one end
3. amphitrichous-one flagellum bothends
4. lophotrichous-multiple flagellum at one or both ends
5. peritrichous - multiple flagellum all around organism |
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Term
Explain differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
What are the gram positive exceptions? |
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Definition
gm(+) - thick peptidoglycan (many layers), teichoic acids in peptidoglycan, stain violet
-exceptions Mycobacterium, Streptococcus
gm(-) - thin peptidoglycan (1/2 layers), no teichoic acids, have an outer membrane |
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Term
| What type of bacteria have an outer membrane? What is it consisted of? |
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Definition
| gram negative bacteria. consists of polyliposaccharides, lipoproteins, and some phospholipids |
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Term
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Definition
| concluded that the smallest structural units of life were 'little boxes' or 'cells' after observing cork |
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Term
Anton van Leeuwenhook
(know spelling) |
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Definition
| first to opbserve living microorganisms. made 400+ microscopes, saw protozoans and bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| first vaccine. used cowpox blister scrapings to innoculate patients against smallpox. |
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Term
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Definition
| disproved 'spontaneous generation.' sealed jar with decaying meat to show thatmaggots did not come from meat but were laid by flies |
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Term
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Definition
| first to prove that bacteria can cause disease. isolated Bacillus anthracis from blood of cows with anthrax, injected healthy cattle, recovered bacteria from their blood after death. developed a sequence of experimental steps for linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease called Koch's Postulates |
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Term
| What were the major contributions to microbiology made be Louis Pasteur? |
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Definition
1. discovered why vaccines work
2. demonstrated that there were microbes present in the air and other non-living things and that this was responsible for spoilage and contamination of food
3. showed that microbes could be killed with heat(Asceptic technique)
4. developed methods for blocking airborne bacteria from nitrient environments (Asceptic technique) |
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Term
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Definition
| showed antibiotic production of Penicillum chrysogenum |
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Term
| What is a carbohydrate? What are the 3 main functions of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
-organic compounds composed of C,H, and O with a distinct 2:1 ratio of H:O. Includes sugars and starches
1. food reserves
2. cell structures/membranes
3. energy storage, fuel cells |
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Term
| What is a lipid? What is the primary function? What are the tree kinds? |
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Definition
-organic compound composed of C,N,O WITHOUT 2:1 H:O relationship.
-all are non-polar (mostly insouluble)
-primary function - plasma membranes
1. simple lipids -(fatty acids)- glycerol w/1-3 long hydrocarb. chains
2. complex lipids - may contain P,N,S - glycerol w/2 chains + phosphate group
3. steroids- much different structure from other lipids, have specific functions |
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Term
| What is nucleic acid? What are the structural parts? |
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Definition
-a macromolecule consisting of nucleotides
-Nucleotides - N containing pase, pentose sugar, and phosphate group |
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Term
| What are the 5 nitrogen containing bases in nucleotides? |
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Definition
adenine, guanine (purines)
cytosine, thymine, uracil (pyrimidines) |
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Term
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Definition
-organinc molecules that contain C,H,O,N,(S)
-make up 50% of a cells dry weight
-essential in all cell functions and structures |
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Term
| What are the properties of water? What aspect of its structure gives it all of these properties? |
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Definition
1. High boiling point b/c of hydrogen bonding (allows it to be liquid on earth)
2. excellent solvent
3. reactant or product in many rxtns
4. excellent temp.buffer (slow to heat and cool)
-all these because it is a polar molecule |
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Term
| What are the two Domains in which prokaryote organisms exist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are teichoic acids? What type of bacteria have them? What are the 4 functions? |
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Definition
-acid in the cell walls of gm(+) bact. made of primarily an alcohol and phosphate.
1. gives structure to cell wall
2. (-) charged so attracts cationinc(+) particles such as dyes, Na,K,Ca. moves these to membrane where they can be absorbed by the cell
3. allows for extracellular 'storage' of phosphate
4. allows for some breakage of cell wall to allow for expansion during growth |
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Term
| What is the glycocalyx made of? What are the two types? What are the functions? |
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Definition
-extracellular covering made of carbohydrate ('glyco') literally means 'sugar covering'
-slime layer (unorganized) and capsule (organized)
1. supplemental energy source(retracted)
2. attachmet to surfaces and other bact.
3. protection against dehydration
4. increased virulence, protection from phagocytosis |
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Term
| What were the 3 classes of parasites given in the dvd? Give 3 examples for each class. |
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Definition
1. Single-celled/protozoan - Naegleria, Cryptosporidium, Giardia
2. Multicellular - Roundworms (Pinworms), Flatworms (Schistosoma-blood fluke), Segmented worms (Taenia-tapeworm)
3. Ectoparasite - flea, tick, lice |
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Term
| Describe similarities and differences between the three parasitic amoeba discussed in class. |
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Definition
Similarities - trophozoites in tissue, aerosolization contracted, encephalitis
Differences - cysts in tissue (Balamuthia, Acanthamoeba)
-spiny pseudopods (Acanthamoeba)
-pentagon shaped cysts (Acanthamoeba)
-flagellated form (Naegleria)
-trophozoites in CSF (Naegleria)
-death quick (Naegleria)
-CNS failure symptoms (Naegleria)
-meningitis (Naegleria) |
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Term
| What is PAM and what organism(s) cause it? |
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Definition
| Naegleria fowleri - Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis |
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Term
| What is GAE and what organism(s) cause it? |
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Definition
| Acanthamoeba, Balamuthia - Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis |
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Term
| What parasitic amoeba can cause keratitis and granulomatous skin lesions? What is keratitis? |
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Definition
| Acanthamoeba. Keratitis is the hardening of the cornea |
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Term
| Describe the cell wall of a bacteria. |
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Definition
Made of polysacharide peptidoglycan.
Peptidoglycan - carbohydrate - disacharide consisting of N-Acetylglucosamine and N-Acetylmuramic acid bonded together with beta 1=>4 linkage. These arranged in long chains.
-long chains connected laterally with polypeptide bonds that connect NAM to NAM in a staggered pattern (not adjacent NAM) forming sheets/layers
-Layers bonded together with peptide bonding as well as teichoic acids (gm+ only) |
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Term
| What is a functional group? What are some examples? |
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Definition
An arrangement of atoms in an organic molecule that is responsible for most of the chemical properties of that moleule.
-Amino, Methyl, Carboxyl, Alcohol, Phosphate, Ketone, Aldehyde |
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Term
| How are flagella of eukaryote different from flagella of prokaryote? |
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Definition
Eukaryote - flagellum is extension of cytoskeleton inside of the cell covered in membrane, moves in an undulating motion
Prokaryote - flagellum not made of cytoskeleton (attached to cell wall by basal body), moves in rotary motion |
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Term
| Describe the differences between axial filaments, fimbriae (spelling), and pili? Where would you find axial filaments? What is the specific function of Pili? |
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Definition
Axial filaments only found in spirochete bacteria. similar to flagella, twisted around bacteria between cell membrane and cell wall, corkscrew motion (Borrelia, Trepenoma)
Fimbriae + Pili - short hair-like structure NOT for motility but for attachment (Fimbriae - surfaces, Pili - other bacteria)
Pili allows for dna transfer. |
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Term
| What protein is Pili made of? Flagellum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three main parts of the prokaryote flaggelum? |
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Definition
| Filament, Hook, Basal Body |
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Term
| What is the main difference between a prokaryote and eukaryote plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| Pro - no sterols (steroid with an OH group) |
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Term
| What is the function of cytoskeleton? Cytoplasm? |
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Definition
Cytoskeleton - structure, facilitates movement of internal bodies, compounds
Cytoplasm - contains enzymes, site of most cellular activity, metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| Extra-chromosomal dna outside of nucleoid that contains non-necessary info |
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Term
| What is an Inclusion? give an example |
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Definition
| applies to a general group of reserve deposit structures (ex. metachromatic granules store phosphate |
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Term
| What are endospores? How many genera of bacteria produce them? What 2 did we see in lab? What is the unique compound that makes them so resistant) |
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Definition
Response to environmental stimuli that allows bacteria to what for better conditions.
-5 genera
-Clostridium, Bacillus
-Dipicolenic acid |
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