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| What are the six most common chemical elements found in living organisms? |
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Definition
| Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur |
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| the ability of an organism to get energy from the environment and use that energy to grow. |
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the process of breaking large compounds (that contain energy) to release smaller compounds (releasing energy)
- Energy gets released AS HEAT and STORED AS ATP |
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the process of taking smaller molecules (amino acids) and make large compounds (proteins).
*This requires the energy that was released from the catabolic reactions. |
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| moving of an e- from an electron donor to an electron acceptor, as electrons move from donor to the acceptor, the acceptor becomes more energy rich |
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| the electron DONATING half of a redox reaction |
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| the electron ACCEPTING half of a redox reaction |
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substances that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being permanently altered itself.
- lowers the activation energy needed for a chemical reaction to occur. |
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| energy that is required to bring the reacting molecules together in the correct way to reach the transition state |
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Definition
| Enzymes are the ------- of biological reactions. |
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Definition
| What reduces the activation energy required to start a particular reaction? |
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Term
| Substrate concentration, temperature, pH. |
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Definition
| Three factors that can effect enzyme activity. |
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Term
| They break the HYDROGEN BONDING (denature the enzyme) that holds the 3-D shape together. |
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Definition
| Why do temperature and pH affect enzyme activity |
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Definition
| some enzymes require metals to be close to the activation site |
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Definition
| examples of co-factors (metals close to the activation site of an enzyme) |
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Definition
| Some enzymes require complex organic molecules to be near the activation site. |
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Term
| NAD+, NADP+ (both e- carriers) |
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Definition
| examples of a co-enzyme (complex organic molecules near an enzyme activation site) |
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Definition
| Enzyme activity can be regulated by -------. |
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Definition
| these LOOK LIKE the substrate so they bind to active site of enzymes therefore preventing the substrate from binding... |
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| Non-competitive inhibitors |
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Definition
| binds to the ALLOSTERIC site on the enzyme which causes the enzyme to change shape and will no longer function. |
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Term
| Oxidation reaction with co-enzyme NAD |
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Definition
| What type of reaction is a dehydrogenase involved with? |
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Term
| Catalyzes the phosphorylation of a substrate by ATP |
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Definition
| What type of reaction is a kinase involved with? |
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Definition
| What type of reaction is a decarboxylase involved with? |
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Definition
| oxidizes organic compounds (lipids, carbs, proteins, sugars. These organic compounds serve as a Carbon source and energy source. |
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| uses light as energy source via photosynthesis. Because light has no carbon source, CO2 is converted into glucose which is used for metabolism. |
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| Oxidizes reduced forms of inorganic compounds. Reduced forms of inorganic compounds serve as energy source (H2/H2S/Fe2+) The organism gets its Carbon source from CO2 in the env't (ex. Lithotrophs "rock eating") ::BACTERIA ONLY:: |
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| Humans and human pathogens would both be.... |
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| partial oxidation of organic compounds |
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Term
| 1) Glycolysis. 2) 2 ATP, 2 NADH. |
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Definition
| 1. What biological pathway is used during Fermentation? 2. How many ATP and NADH are produced per glucose? |
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Term
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Definition
| a catabolic process in which glucose (6 carbons) breaks down into 2 pyruvate (3 carbons) |
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Definition
| two examples of Fermentation end products |
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Definition
| complete oxidation of glucose to CO2 and H2O |
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Term
| 38 ATP/glucose. Oxidative phophorylation, glycolysis, Kreb's cycle, ETS |
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Definition
| How many ATP are produced during Aerobic Respiration? What are the biochemical pathways used? |
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Term
| 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2 |
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Definition
| What is all produced during the krebs cycle? |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of H+ across the membrane through ATPase. Protons alone can NOT diffuse across the membrane so ATPase acts as a gate to allow this to occur. |
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Definition
| where is the ETC found in Bacteria? |
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| Where is the ETC found in eukaryotes? |
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Term
| ATPase diffuses H+ across the membrane (chemiosmosis), ATPase uses the H+ to fuel the change from ADP to ATP |
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Definition
| What does the enzyme ATPase do? |
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Term
| Oxygen is the final electron acceptor |
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Definition
| What is the role of oxygen in the ETC |
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