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Microbiology
Final
148
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
05/06/2011

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What percentage of bacteria cause disease?
Definition
Less than 1%
Term
Are Bacteria prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or acellular?
Definition
Prokaryotic
Term

 

Are Viruses prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or acellular?

 

Definition
acellular
Term
Who was the first to observe microorganisms and term them animalcules?
Definition
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Term
What is a biofilm?
Definition
Bacteria that are stuck to a surface living as a community: offering greater immunity and protection from antimicrobials. 
Term
What is bioremediation?
Definition
The use of bacteria to Clean up pollution or other messes
Term
What stains are used for the Gram's staining procedure?
Definition
Crystal Violet and Safronnin
Term
Other agents of gram staining
Definition
Decolorizer (ethanol) and iodine
Term
Do bacteria have a nucleus?
Definition
NO bacteria are prokaryotic (no nucleaus)
Term
How many chromosomes in a bacteria?
Definition
One circular chromosome
Term
Name specific structures for Gram Positive
Definition

Thick Petidoglycan

Lipo-teichoic acids

teichoic acids

 

 

Term
Name structures for gram negative organisms:
Definition

Thin Petidoglycan

LPS (Lipopolysaccharides)

Two membranes (pg surrounded by outter)

Lipoproteins

Term
What are flagella used for?
Definition
Swimming/ motility /movement
Term
Small extra chromosomal pieces of DNA are called:
Definition
Plasmids
Term
Site of protein synth?
Definition
Ribosomes
Term
Most resistant biological structure
Definition
Endospore
Term
Obligate anaerobes
Definition
A bug that dies upon exposure to oxygen
Term
Selective medium
Definition
Has a component in it that kills something undesireable. 
Term

How do bacteria divide?

 

Definition
By binary fission
Term
Sterilization of medical instruments
Definition
Autoclave: kills most microorganisms and even some endospores
Term
Disc diffusion assay with a large zone of inhibition
Definition
The treatment is effective: such as an antibiotic or chemical germicide. 
Term
DNA from DNA process
Definition
Replication
Term
What is mRNA from DNA
Definition
Transcription
Term
Protein from mRNA
Definition
translation
Term
During replication one old and one new strand what is the term?
Definition
Semi-conservative
Term
What are the three types of base Substitutions?
Definition

Missense: One AA change (bad or no change)

Non-sense: early stop codon (usually bad)

Silent: same AA coded for by chance (no change not bad)

Term
what happens when you get a frameshift mutation?
Definition
Almost always deliterious, the entire reading of a codon is shifted over and destroys everything after. 
Term
What is the spontaneous mutation rate of a bacteria?
Definition
One in a million
Term
What is an auxotroph?
Definition

When it doesn't make something it needs. 

Could be an AA or vitamin/cofactor

Term

What is the uptake of naked DNA?

Where exogenous DNA is drawn in and used within a bacterium

Definition
Transformation
Term
What is transduction?
Definition
Process whereby a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another. 
Term
What is conjugation?
Definition
Process with the sex pilus (involving an F+ cell)
Term
which is more pathogenic capsulated or non?
Definition
Capsulated is more pathogenic
Term
Virus' can contain DNA or RNA but not both
Definition
True
Term
Protein coat of a virus
Definition
capsid, composed of capsomeres
Term
A virus that can cause cancer
Definition
Oncovirus, oncogene, oncogenic virus
Term
What is a pandemic?
Definition
A worldwide / global disease that has spread
Term
Zoonotic disease?
Definition
One that you can get from other animals (transfered)
Term
Tick carries a virus from a deer to a human. the tick is considered? And the deer is?
Definition

Tick: Vector

Deer: resevoir

Term
What is an example of a parental port of entry?
Definition
A needlestick, cut with a knife, anything that injects beneath skin. 
Term

LD50:

ID50:

And?

Definition

Lethal for 50% of test population

Infectious for 50% of population

Very Low LD50or ID50 indicates high pathogenicity

Term
List the ways a pathogen evades host immunity
Definition

lyse host cells

antigenic variation

biofilms

capsules

m-proteins

Term
1st line of defense
Definition
Skin, normal flora, mucous membranes
Term
2nd line of defense
Definition
Phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances
Term
3rd line of defense
Definition
T and B cells: adaptive immune system
Term
What are some physical factors for innate immunity?
Definition
Cillia, presence of musous, urine flow, tears
Term
What are some chemical immunities of the human body?
Definition
pH, lysozymes, urea, sibum
Term
Complement immunity?
Definition
Helps out innate and adaptive systems
Term
Antiviral proteins produced by infected cells are called?
Definition
Interfereons: this alerts other cells nearby to make their own antiviral proteins. 
Term
What is the first class of antibodies produced during infection?
Definition
IgM (good marker for recent infection)
Term
Where do antibodies come from?
Definition
B-Cells activation to plasma cells: synthed on surface
Term
B-cells mature where?
Definition
Bone Marrow
Term
T-cells mature where?
Definition
Thymus (but originate in the bone marrow)
Term
What are peyer's patches?
Definition
Lymphoid in the intestine: (lymphatic tissue) they are like traps for GI bugs. 
Term
What is the difference between bacterialstatic and bacterialcidal?
Definition

Bacterialstatic: stops growth

Bacterialcidal: kills

Term
Is Rabies a virus, a bacteria, or worm? Where does it originate?
Definition
Rabies is a virus that infects the PNS then the CNS before causing death. 
Term
What bacteria can cause peptic ulcers?
Definition
Helicobacter pylori
Term
Who is Barry Marshal?
Definition
A doctor who infected himself with h.pylori to prove his theory.
Term
Who did the first work on bacterial transformation?
Definition
Frederick Griffith -1928
Term
What enzymes do viruses lack? (hint: why can't they live outside a host cell?)
Definition
Protein synthesis and ATP generation
Term
What is host range?
Definition
the spectrum of host cells a virus can infect
Term
How is host range determined?
Definition
The receptors on the host cell surface
Term
What is the typical size of a virus?
Definition
20-1000 nm
Term
What is the typical size of a eukaryotic cell?
Definition
~10 um 
Term
What is the typical size of a bacterial cell?
Definition
0.5-5.0um
Term
What is a complete fully developed and infectious viral particle composed on nucleic acids and surrounded by a protective protein coat?
Definition
Virion
Term

list the three main morphological characteristics of viruses

Definition

Helical: may be enveloped

Polyhedral: may be enveloped

Complex

Term
What makes enveloped viruses difficult to treat?
Definition
usually the spikes on the surface change to evade host defenses
Term
How are viruses cultivated?
Definition
A host is required which makes culturing more difficult
Term
What is the easiest way to identify a virus?
Definition
Genetic identification
Term
What is the difference between latent and persistent viral infections?
Definition

Latent resides within a host for a long time without producing disease where as persistent infection occurs gradually over a long time and is often fatal. 

Latent: herpes/coldsores

Persistent: herpes/epstein barr

Term
What are Probiotics?
Definition

Live microbial cultures applied or ingested that intend to exert a beneficial effect. 

Lactobacilus

acidophilus

Term
What are prebiotics?
Definition
Substances that are intended to promote the existing beneficial bacteria within the host (i.e. gut flora)
Term
Who identified the cause of Anthrax?
Definition
Robert Koch
Term
Identify koch's postulates
Definition

The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease

The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture

The grown pathogen must cause disease when innoculated into a healthy susceptiple animal. 

Lastly, the pathogen must then be isolated from new host and shown to be the original organism. 

Term
What is the difference between communicable disease and contagious disease?
Definition

Communicable is one that can spread from one host to another

Contagious means that it Easily spreads hosts.

Term
What does the term endemic disease mean?
Definition
That it is constantly present within a population such as the common cold
Term
What is sepsis?
Definition
The inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes from a focus of infection. 
Term
What is speticemia?
Definition

the presence of pathogens multipling in the blod. 

Also: bacteremia, toxemia, viremia

Term
What is a Primary infection?
Definition
Acute infection caused by an initial illness
Term
What is a secondary infection?
Definition
infection caused by opprotunistic pathogen steming from a weakened immune system (from primary). 
Term
Name the development steps of disease (infection)
Definition

Incubation period: time between infection and appearance of symptoms/signs

Prodromal period: Early and mild symptoms

Period of Illness: disease is most severe: patient either gets better or dies. 

period of decline: signs/symptoms decline

period of convalescene: body returns to pre-diseased state. 

Term
What is a reservoir of infection?
Definition

May or may not exhibit signs of illness: carriers harboring a pathogen without disease.

Also Zoonoses: disease passed animals to humans. 

Also non-living in soil and water

Term
What is a nosocomial infection?
Definition
Infection resulting from a hospital stay
Term
What helps bacteria with adherence and resists phagocytosis?
Definition
M-protein
Term
What is mycolic acid?
Definition
A waxy lipis that resist phagocytosis: seen in M. tuberculosis
Term
What do coagulase, collagenase, and IgA proteases do for bacterial pathogens?
Definition
Form blood clots to resist phagocytosis, digest host connective tissue(food), and digest host antibodies (evasion). 
Term
What is antigenic variation?
Definition
The changing of surface proteins on a pathogen in order to evade host defenses. 
Term
What does listeria monocytogenes do to succeed in a host?
Definition
Forms actin rockets to spread  to other cells and evade host defenses.
Term
What is a limiting factor in using host nutrients and what do pathogens secrete for this?
Definition
Iron: siderophores sequester it from host. 
Term
What is the difference between exotoins and endotoxins?
Definition

Exotoxins are released from an bacterial cells

*gram Positive cells

Endotoxins are apart of the cell wall and released when lysed

*apart of LPS in gram negative cells. 

Term
How are complement proteins named?
Definition

Big C and number for complement protein

C3 C5

After activation they split into 2-named with lowercase 'a' or 'b'

C3a & C3b

Term
How do complement proteins enhance: Inflammation?
Definition
They stimulate histamine production
Term

How do complement proteins enhance: phagocytosis?

Definition
Activated proteins coat pathogens and encourage opsinozation
Term

How do complement proteins enhance: cytolysis?

Definition
Activated proteins bind to pathogens and poke holes in membranes
Term
How do interferons work?
Definition
They bind to healthy cells and stimulate AVP (antiviral proteins) production
Term
What is the host counterpart to siderophores?
Definition

Ironbinding proteins 

transferrin in blood

lactoferrin in milk

ferritin in the liver/spleen/marrow

hemoglobin in blood

Term
List three modes of action for AMPs (antimicrobial peptides)
Definition

1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis

2. form pores in pathogen membrane

3. destroy pathogen's DNA / RNA

Term
What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity?
Definition

Humoral: involves B-cells and Ab production

(extracellular pathogens)

Cellular: involves T-cells and chemical messenger production (mainly for viruses/intracellular pathogens)

Term

What is the term used to describe the antigen binding site?

(the antigenic determinant)

Definition
epitope
Term
name the parts of a Generic Antibody
Definition

heavy chains in the center connected by the lightchains ont he outter sides. 

Ag binding site on the tips of the 'Y' and a constant region on the stem. 

Term
Who discoved the process of vaccination by injecting cowpox for immunity from smallpox?
Definition
edward, jenner - 1770
Term
What was Alexander Flemming most famous for?
Definition
Discovery of the enxyme Lysozyme and antibiotic pennicillin
Term
Name the four types of and list their energy requirement (or lack of)
Definition

Diffusion and facilitated diffusion: no energy required

Active transport and group translocation: energy required

Term
What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides during replication?
Definition
DNA polymerase
Term
Name 4 required components for transcription the process of creating complementary RNA copy of DNA
Definition

1. RNA polymerase

2. Promoter

3. RNA nucleotides

4. Terminator

Term
Pathogens have what to bind to specific host receptors?
Definition
Adhesins or ligands
Term
Name the two types of adaptive immunity
Definition
Humoral and cellular
Term
Which T-cells help activate macrophages and secrete cytokines?
Definition
T-helper cells
Term

Which T-cells would be used to help activate the cells used to kill large parasites?

Definition
T-helper cells
Term
Which T-cells kills target cells?
Definition
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTLs
Term
What do CTLs target?
Definition
Viral infected cells and some tumor cells (considered non-self)
Term
What do Natural Killer cells do?
Definition
used to attack parasites and tumor cells: Ab-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
Term
Parasites might engage which immune cells?
Definition

Eosinophils, macrophages, NKs, and T-helper cells.

 (but mainly eosinophils and NKs)

Term
Which type of T cell is responsible for killing host cells infected with virus?
Definition
CTLs, Tc, or cytotoxic t lymphocytes
Term
A mother passing antibodies to a baby is what kind of immunity?
Definition
Naturally aquired: Passive
Term
Antigens introduced by a vaccine is what type of immunity?
Definition
Artifically aquired: Active
Term
Antibodies introduced into a host is what type of immunity?
Definition
Artificially acquired: Passive
Term
Antigens that happen to come into the body and induce Ab production is what type of immunity?
Definition
Naturally acquired: Active
Term
What does a static titer indicate in a patient?
Definition
The patient has been exposed at some time to a pathogen and so has antibodies for it.
Term
What does an increasing titer indicate?
Definition
The patient has an active infection and is producing antibodies for it.
Term
Which cells does HIV target?
Definition
The Aids virus destroys T4 lymphocytes (T-helper cells)
Term
What does penicillin target?
Definition
cell wall synthesis
Term
What causes strep throat?
Definition
Streptococcus pyogenes
Term
What causes skin infections including folliculitis and sty?
Definition
staphlococcus aureus
Term
What causes impetigo and Toxic shock syndrome if released into the blood?
Definition
Staphylococcus aureaus
Term
What is the disease name for a skin infection that results in rapid tissue destruction, often requiring amputation
Definition
Necrotizing fasciitis
Term
Swimmer's ear, catheter infections, burn wounds infections are most commonly caused by _______
Definition
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Term
varicella is?
Definition
Chickenpox, a herpes virus
Term
Herpes Zoster...
Definition
Is also known as shingles
Term
Rubeola
Definition
Aka: Measles
Term
What is causes a yeast infection?
Definition

Candidaisis albicans

Mouth: thrush

Also in the genitouriary tract

Term

What causes pinkeye?

 

Definition
Haemophilus influenzae
Term

Menegitis:

encephalitis:

menigoencephalitis:

Definition

Inflammation of the meninges

Inflammation of the brain

Inflammation of both

Term
What causes bacterial meningitis?
Definition
Neisserria meningitidis
Term
What is hepatitis? What causes it?
Definition
Inflammation of the liver: the hepatitis virus (A-E)
Term

After recover you confer lifelong immunity to this virus.

There is no specific treatment but there is a vaccine.

Virus is shed and spread through the fecal oral route. 

Definition
Hep A
Term

A virus transmitted parentally and sexually.

No treatment but there is a vaccine.

Definition
Hep B
Term
What causes pus discharge from the penis and often little to no symptoms in women. Caused by what bacteria?
Definition
Gonorrhea; Neiserria gonorrhea
Term
What causes chlamydia often a co-disease with gonorrhea.
Definition
chlamydia trachomatis
Term
What causes Syphilis?
Definition
treponema pallidum
Term
Name the four stages of syphilis.
Definition

Primary: small hardbased chancre sore

(highly infecious)

Secondary: Skin rash - especially on palms and soles (normally uneffected regions)

Latent stage: asymptomatic and not contagious

Tertiary: Gummas - rubbery tissue masses (death)

 

Term
What causes genital warts?
Definition

HPV human palliomavirus

 

Term
Why isnt' there a vaccine for the common cold?
Definition
because there are so many different types of viruses that cause it.
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