Term
What percentage of bacteria cause disease? |
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Definition
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Term
Are Bacteria prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or acellular? |
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Definition
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Term
Are Viruses prokaryotic, eukaryotic, or acellular?
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Definition
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Term
Who was the first to observe microorganisms and term them animalcules? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria that are stuck to a surface living as a community: offering greater immunity and protection from antimicrobials. |
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Term
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Definition
The use of bacteria to Clean up pollution or other messes |
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Term
What stains are used for the Gram's staining procedure? |
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Definition
Crystal Violet and Safronnin |
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Term
Other agents of gram staining |
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Definition
Decolorizer (ethanol) and iodine |
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Term
Do bacteria have a nucleus? |
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Definition
NO bacteria are prokaryotic (no nucleaus) |
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Term
How many chromosomes in a bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
Name specific structures for Gram Positive |
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Definition
Thick Petidoglycan
Lipo-teichoic acids
teichoic acids
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Term
Name structures for gram negative organisms: |
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Definition
Thin Petidoglycan
LPS (Lipopolysaccharides)
Two membranes (pg surrounded by outter)
Lipoproteins |
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Term
What are flagella used for? |
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Definition
Swimming/ motility /movement |
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Term
Small extra chromosomal pieces of DNA are called: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Most resistant biological structure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A bug that dies upon exposure to oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
Has a component in it that kills something undesireable. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Sterilization of medical instruments |
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Definition
Autoclave: kills most microorganisms and even some endospores |
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Term
Disc diffusion assay with a large zone of inhibition |
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Definition
The treatment is effective: such as an antibiotic or chemical germicide. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
During replication one old and one new strand what is the term? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the three types of base Substitutions? |
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Definition
Missense: One AA change (bad or no change)
Non-sense: early stop codon (usually bad)
Silent: same AA coded for by chance (no change not bad) |
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Term
what happens when you get a frameshift mutation? |
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Definition
Almost always deliterious, the entire reading of a codon is shifted over and destroys everything after. |
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Term
What is the spontaneous mutation rate of a bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
When it doesn't make something it needs.
Could be an AA or vitamin/cofactor |
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Term
What is the uptake of naked DNA?
Where exogenous DNA is drawn in and used within a bacterium |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Process whereby a virus transfers DNA from one bacterium to another. |
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Term
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Definition
Process with the sex pilus (involving an F+ cell) |
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Term
which is more pathogenic capsulated or non? |
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Definition
Capsulated is more pathogenic |
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Term
Virus' can contain DNA or RNA but not both |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
capsid, composed of capsomeres |
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Term
A virus that can cause cancer |
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Definition
Oncovirus, oncogene, oncogenic virus |
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Term
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Definition
A worldwide / global disease that has spread |
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Term
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Definition
One that you can get from other animals (transfered) |
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Term
Tick carries a virus from a deer to a human. the tick is considered? And the deer is? |
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Definition
Tick: Vector
Deer: resevoir |
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Term
What is an example of a parental port of entry? |
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Definition
A needlestick, cut with a knife, anything that injects beneath skin. |
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Term
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Definition
Lethal for 50% of test population
Infectious for 50% of population
Very Low LD50or ID50 indicates high pathogenicity |
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Term
List the ways a pathogen evades host immunity |
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Definition
lyse host cells
antigenic variation
biofilms
capsules
m-proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Skin, normal flora, mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
Phagocytes, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial substances |
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Term
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Definition
T and B cells: adaptive immune system |
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Term
What are some physical factors for innate immunity? |
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Definition
Cillia, presence of musous, urine flow, tears |
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Term
What are some chemical immunities of the human body? |
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Definition
pH, lysozymes, urea, sibum |
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Term
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Definition
Helps out innate and adaptive systems |
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Term
Antiviral proteins produced by infected cells are called? |
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Definition
Interfereons: this alerts other cells nearby to make their own antiviral proteins. |
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Term
What is the first class of antibodies produced during infection? |
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Definition
IgM (good marker for recent infection) |
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Term
Where do antibodies come from? |
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Definition
B-Cells activation to plasma cells: synthed on surface |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thymus (but originate in the bone marrow) |
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Term
What are peyer's patches? |
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Definition
Lymphoid in the intestine: (lymphatic tissue) they are like traps for GI bugs. |
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Term
What is the difference between bacterialstatic and bacterialcidal? |
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Definition
Bacterialstatic: stops growth
Bacterialcidal: kills |
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Term
Is Rabies a virus, a bacteria, or worm? Where does it originate? |
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Definition
Rabies is a virus that infects the PNS then the CNS before causing death. |
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Term
What bacteria can cause peptic ulcers? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A doctor who infected himself with h.pylori to prove his theory. |
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Term
Who did the first work on bacterial transformation? |
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Definition
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Term
What enzymes do viruses lack? (hint: why can't they live outside a host cell?) |
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Definition
Protein synthesis and ATP generation |
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Term
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Definition
the spectrum of host cells a virus can infect |
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Term
How is host range determined? |
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Definition
The receptors on the host cell surface |
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Term
What is the typical size of a virus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the typical size of a eukaryotic cell? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the typical size of a bacterial cell? |
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Definition
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Term
What is a complete fully developed and infectious viral particle composed on nucleic acids and surrounded by a protective protein coat? |
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Definition
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Term
list the three main morphological characteristics of viruses |
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Definition
Helical: may be enveloped
Polyhedral: may be enveloped
Complex |
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Term
What makes enveloped viruses difficult to treat? |
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Definition
usually the spikes on the surface change to evade host defenses |
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Term
How are viruses cultivated? |
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Definition
A host is required which makes culturing more difficult |
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Term
What is the easiest way to identify a virus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the difference between latent and persistent viral infections? |
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Definition
Latent resides within a host for a long time without producing disease where as persistent infection occurs gradually over a long time and is often fatal.
Latent: herpes/coldsores
Persistent: herpes/epstein barr |
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Term
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Definition
Live microbial cultures applied or ingested that intend to exert a beneficial effect.
Lactobacilus
acidophilus |
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Term
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Definition
Substances that are intended to promote the existing beneficial bacteria within the host (i.e. gut flora) |
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Term
Who identified the cause of Anthrax? |
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Definition
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Term
Identify koch's postulates |
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Definition
The same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
The pathogen must be isolated and grown in pure culture
The grown pathogen must cause disease when innoculated into a healthy susceptiple animal.
Lastly, the pathogen must then be isolated from new host and shown to be the original organism. |
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Term
What is the difference between communicable disease and contagious disease? |
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Definition
Communicable is one that can spread from one host to another
Contagious means that it Easily spreads hosts. |
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Term
What does the term endemic disease mean? |
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Definition
That it is constantly present within a population such as the common cold |
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Term
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Definition
The inflammatory condition arising from the spread of microbes from a focus of infection. |
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Term
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Definition
the presence of pathogens multipling in the blod.
Also: bacteremia, toxemia, viremia |
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Term
What is a Primary infection? |
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Definition
Acute infection caused by an initial illness |
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Term
What is a secondary infection? |
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Definition
infection caused by opprotunistic pathogen steming from a weakened immune system (from primary). |
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Term
Name the development steps of disease (infection) |
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Definition
Incubation period: time between infection and appearance of symptoms/signs
Prodromal period: Early and mild symptoms
Period of Illness: disease is most severe: patient either gets better or dies.
period of decline: signs/symptoms decline
period of convalescene: body returns to pre-diseased state. |
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Term
What is a reservoir of infection? |
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Definition
May or may not exhibit signs of illness: carriers harboring a pathogen without disease.
Also Zoonoses: disease passed animals to humans.
Also non-living in soil and water |
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Term
What is a nosocomial infection? |
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Definition
Infection resulting from a hospital stay |
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Term
What helps bacteria with adherence and resists phagocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
A waxy lipis that resist phagocytosis: seen in M. tuberculosis |
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Term
What do coagulase, collagenase, and IgA proteases do for bacterial pathogens? |
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Definition
Form blood clots to resist phagocytosis, digest host connective tissue(food), and digest host antibodies (evasion). |
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Term
What is antigenic variation? |
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Definition
The changing of surface proteins on a pathogen in order to evade host defenses. |
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Term
What does listeria monocytogenes do to succeed in a host? |
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Definition
Forms actin rockets to spread to other cells and evade host defenses. |
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Term
What is a limiting factor in using host nutrients and what do pathogens secrete for this? |
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Definition
Iron: siderophores sequester it from host. |
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Term
What is the difference between exotoins and endotoxins? |
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Definition
Exotoxins are released from an bacterial cells
*gram Positive cells
Endotoxins are apart of the cell wall and released when lysed
*apart of LPS in gram negative cells. |
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Term
How are complement proteins named? |
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Definition
Big C and number for complement protein
C3 C5
After activation they split into 2-named with lowercase 'a' or 'b'
C3a & C3b |
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Term
How do complement proteins enhance: Inflammation? |
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Definition
They stimulate histamine production |
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Term
How do complement proteins enhance: phagocytosis?
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Definition
Activated proteins coat pathogens and encourage opsinozation |
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Term
How do complement proteins enhance: cytolysis?
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Definition
Activated proteins bind to pathogens and poke holes in membranes |
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Term
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Definition
They bind to healthy cells and stimulate AVP (antiviral proteins) production |
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Term
What is the host counterpart to siderophores? |
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Definition
Ironbinding proteins
transferrin in blood
lactoferrin in milk
ferritin in the liver/spleen/marrow
hemoglobin in blood |
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Term
List three modes of action for AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) |
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Definition
1. Inhibit cell wall synthesis
2. form pores in pathogen membrane
3. destroy pathogen's DNA / RNA |
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Term
What is the difference between humoral and cellular immunity? |
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Definition
Humoral: involves B-cells and Ab production
(extracellular pathogens)
Cellular: involves T-cells and chemical messenger production (mainly for viruses/intracellular pathogens) |
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Term
What is the term used to describe the antigen binding site?
(the antigenic determinant) |
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Definition
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Term
name the parts of a Generic Antibody |
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Definition
heavy chains in the center connected by the lightchains ont he outter sides.
Ag binding site on the tips of the 'Y' and a constant region on the stem. |
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Term
Who discoved the process of vaccination by injecting cowpox for immunity from smallpox? |
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Definition
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Term
What was Alexander Flemming most famous for? |
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Definition
Discovery of the enxyme Lysozyme and antibiotic pennicillin |
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Term
Name the four types of and list their energy requirement (or lack of) |
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Definition
Diffusion and facilitated diffusion: no energy required
Active transport and group translocation: energy required |
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Term
What enzyme is responsible for adding nucleotides during replication? |
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Definition
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Term
Name 4 required components for transcription the process of creating complementary RNA copy of DNA |
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Definition
1. RNA polymerase
2. Promoter
3. RNA nucleotides
4. Terminator |
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Term
Pathogens have what to bind to specific host receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
Name the two types of adaptive immunity |
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Definition
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Term
Which T-cells help activate macrophages and secrete cytokines? |
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Definition
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Term
Which T-cells would be used to help activate the cells used to kill large parasites? |
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Definition
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Term
Which T-cells kills target cells? |
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Definition
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes CTLs |
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Term
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Definition
Viral infected cells and some tumor cells (considered non-self) |
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Term
What do Natural Killer cells do? |
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Definition
used to attack parasites and tumor cells: Ab-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
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Term
Parasites might engage which immune cells? |
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Definition
Eosinophils, macrophages, NKs, and T-helper cells.
(but mainly eosinophils and NKs) |
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Term
Which type of T cell is responsible for killing host cells infected with virus? |
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Definition
CTLs, Tc, or cytotoxic t lymphocytes |
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Term
A mother passing antibodies to a baby is what kind of immunity? |
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Definition
Naturally aquired: Passive |
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Term
Antigens introduced by a vaccine is what type of immunity? |
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Definition
Artifically aquired: Active |
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Term
Antibodies introduced into a host is what type of immunity? |
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Definition
Artificially acquired: Passive |
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Term
Antigens that happen to come into the body and induce Ab production is what type of immunity? |
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Definition
Naturally acquired: Active |
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Term
What does a static titer indicate in a patient? |
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Definition
The patient has been exposed at some time to a pathogen and so has antibodies for it. |
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Term
What does an increasing titer indicate? |
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Definition
The patient has an active infection and is producing antibodies for it. |
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Term
Which cells does HIV target? |
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Definition
The Aids virus destroys T4 lymphocytes (T-helper cells) |
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Term
What does penicillin target? |
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Definition
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Term
What causes strep throat? |
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Definition
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Term
What causes skin infections including folliculitis and sty? |
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Definition
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Term
What causes impetigo and Toxic shock syndrome if released into the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the disease name for a skin infection that results in rapid tissue destruction, often requiring amputation |
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Definition
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Term
Swimmer's ear, catheter infections, burn wounds infections are most commonly caused by _______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Chickenpox, a herpes virus |
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Term
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Definition
Is also known as shingles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What is causes a yeast infection? |
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Definition
Candidaisis albicans
Mouth: thrush
Also in the genitouriary tract |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Menegitis:
encephalitis:
menigoencephalitis: |
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Definition
Inflammation of the meninges
Inflammation of the brain
Inflammation of both |
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Term
What causes bacterial meningitis? |
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Definition
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Term
What is hepatitis? What causes it? |
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Definition
Inflammation of the liver: the hepatitis virus (A-E) |
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Term
After recover you confer lifelong immunity to this virus.
There is no specific treatment but there is a vaccine.
Virus is shed and spread through the fecal oral route. |
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Definition
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Term
A virus transmitted parentally and sexually.
No treatment but there is a vaccine. |
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Definition
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Term
What causes pus discharge from the penis and often little to no symptoms in women. Caused by what bacteria? |
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Definition
Gonorrhea; Neiserria gonorrhea |
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Term
What causes chlamydia often a co-disease with gonorrhea. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Name the four stages of syphilis. |
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Definition
Primary: small hardbased chancre sore
(highly infecious)
Secondary: Skin rash - especially on palms and soles (normally uneffected regions)
Latent stage: asymptomatic and not contagious
Tertiary: Gummas - rubbery tissue masses (death)
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Term
What causes genital warts? |
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Definition
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Term
Why isnt' there a vaccine for the common cold? |
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Definition
because there are so many different types of viruses that cause it. |
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