Term
nutrient that must be provided |
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Definition
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Term
nutrient that must be supplied in large amounts |
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Definition
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Term
nutrient that lacks carbon and hydrogen |
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Definition
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Term
nutrient that contains carbon and hydrogen |
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Definition
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Term
primary energy source is sunlight |
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Definition
photo- autotroph or heterotroph |
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Term
primary energy source is a chemical compound |
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Definition
chemo- autotroph or heterotroph |
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Term
use inorganic substances for energy |
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Definition
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Term
use organic substances for energy |
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Definition
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Term
ideal solute state of a cell |
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Definition
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Term
solute concentration is lower on the outside of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
solute concentration is lower on the inside of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
uses oxygen during metabolism and can process toxic oxygen and byproducts |
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Definition
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Term
does not require oxygen to grow, but favors it |
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Definition
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Term
cannot grow in normal atmospheric concentrations of O2, but does need small amounts for metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
lacks ability to utilize O2 during metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
does not utilize O2 but can grow in the presence of O2 because it can process toxic O2 byproducts |
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Definition
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Term
relationship is necessary and mutually beneficial |
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Definition
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Term
one oragnism benefits while the other is neither benefited nor harmed |
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Definition
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Term
both organisms benefit, but it is not necessary for either organism's survival |
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Definition
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Term
organisms live together in a close relationship |
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Definition
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Term
one organism recieves nutrients from and at the expense of the other |
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Definition
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Term
organisms living together compete for nutrients |
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Definition
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Term
time it takes to go from a single cell to two daughter cells |
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Definition
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Term
processes that result in the synthesis of cell molecules and structures; usually requires energy |
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Definition
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Term
processes that result in the break down of the cell molecules and structures; usually releases energy |
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Definition
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Term
macromolecules that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without being a product or reactant |
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Definition
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Term
the amount of energy necessary for the reaction to occur |
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Definition
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Term
enzymes that consist soley of protein |
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Definition
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Term
site on the enzyme where substrates bind and the reaction occurs |
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Definition
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Term
only certain substrates can bind to an enzyme due to constarints of the active site on physical characteristics such as size, shape, and charge |
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Definition
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Term
enzymes that function outside the cell; often involved in breaking down nutrients or wastes |
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Definition
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Term
enzymes that function inside the cell; most metabolic enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
enzymes that are not always present |
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Definition
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Term
enzymes which presence can be turned on or turned off |
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Definition
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Term
enzymes that form covalent bonds between substrates |
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Definition
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Term
enzymes that remove electrons from one substrate and add them to another; NAD and FAD often serve as coenzymes |
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Definition
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Term
enzymes that catalyze steps of metabolic regulation that "set the pace" for the entire pathway |
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Definition
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Term
chemical reactions that release energy |
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Definition
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Term
chemical reactions that require energy |
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Definition
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Term
enzymes that breakdown proteins into amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
removal of amino group from amino acids so that carbon backbone can be shuttled into Krebs cycle |
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Definition
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Term
sum of the genetic material within a cell or organism |
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Definition
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Term
the basic functional units of the genetic material |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
all the genes that make up an organism's genetic material |
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Definition
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Term
all the traits that characterize an organism; can change according to gene expression |
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Definition
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Term
region of DNA "upstream" of the begining of the gene |
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Definition
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Term
set of genes that are regulated simutaneously in prokaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
bind to the promoter region of a gene where they recruit RNA polymerase to promote transcription |
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Definition
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Term
a change in the DNA that results in a change in phenotype |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
an altered phenotype due to mutation |
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Definition
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Term
a physical or chemical agent that damages DNA |
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Definition
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Term
what is being transferred during conjugation; can be either plasmid or chromosomal DNA |
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Definition
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Term
cells capable of accepting the free DNA |
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Definition
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Term
process similar to transformation in eukaryotes |
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Definition
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Term
sections of DNA that can jump from one location in the chromosome to another, from chromosome to plasmid, or from plasmid to chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
destruction of all microbial life |
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Definition
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Term
destruction of most microbial life on an inanimate surface |
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Definition
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Term
destruction of most microbial life on a living surface |
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Definition
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Term
mechanical removal of most microbes |
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Definition
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Term
kill bacterial endospores |
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Definition
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Term
ability of the cell to reproduce and be metabolically active |
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Definition
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Term
how do cells digest and absorb nutrients when they have a cell wall? |
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Definition
through osmosis or diffusion |
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Term
explain the process of osmosis and diffusion |
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Definition
movement of water across semipermeable membrane down concentration gradient; diffusion is movement of particles down concentration gradient that results from random motion of particles and their collisions with one another in space |
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Term
what are the three types of diffusion and how do they differ? |
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Definition
simple- no barrier; facilitated- with help of carrier protein; active- can move up or down concentration gradient with help of carrier protein and requires energy |
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Term
what are the three mechanisms of active diffusion? |
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Definition
carrier-mediated- carrier protein moves with or against concentration; group translocation- coupled with another reaction and molecule is chemically modified; bulk transport- large molecules or quantities |
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Term
which of the solute states of a cell is ideal for life? |
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Definition
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Term
explain how temperature might affect cell growth? |
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Definition
different bacteria thrive in different temperatures; minimum, maximum, optimum |
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Term
besides temp what are three other environmental factors that affect microbial growth? |
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Definition
gases, pH, osmotic pressure, radiation, hydrostatic pressure, water content |
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Term
equation of microbial growth |
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Definition
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Term
how does an enzyme speed up a reaction? |
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Definition
by lowering the threshold (the amount of energy required for a reaction to occur) |
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Term
describe synthesis/dehydration |
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Definition
builds macromolecules; requires ATP; produce water; utilize ligase |
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Term
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Definition
breaks down macrmolecules; requires water; releases ATP |
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Term
describe transfer reactions |
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Definition
utilize oxidoreductases enzymes that remove electrons from one substrate and add them to another; NAD and FAD often serve as coenzymes |
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Term
How is metabolism regulated? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe competitive inhibition. |
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Definition
a molecule resembling the substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme blocking the ability of substrate to bind |
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Term
describe noncompetitive inhibition |
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Definition
a molecule binds to a site of the enzyme outside the active site to prevent or enhance activity of the enzyme |
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Term
what are the three major processes through which ATP is formed |
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Definition
substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, photophosphorylation |
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Term
what are the major sources of energy in the cell |
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Definition
carbs, proteins, and lipids |
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Term
What are the major macromolecular building blocks and what macromolecules do they build? |
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Definition
monosacharides which build carbs, amino acids which build proteins, fatty acids which build lipids, nitrogen bases which build nucleic acids, and vitamins which build enzymes |
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Term
what is the purpose of glycolosis? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the starting material of glycolosis? |
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Definition
glucose (or another 6 carbon sugar) |
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Term
what are the products of glycolosis? |
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Definition
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP (net), 2 NADH, 2 H2O |
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Term
where does glycolosis take place? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the pacemaker of glycolosis? |
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Definition
2nd phosphorylation step before the 6C sugar is split |
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Term
What is the purpose of the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
harvest energy from pyruvate in the form of NADH and FADH2 |
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Term
what is the starting material of the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
what are the products of the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
2 ATP, 2 FADH, 8 NADH, 6 CO2 |
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Term
where does the Kreb's cycle take place? |
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Definition
Prok- cytoplasm; Euk-mitochondrial matrix |
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Term
what is the pacemaker in the kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
what is the purpose of the ETC? |
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Definition
generate energy in the form of ATP from NADH and FADH2 (redox reactions) |
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Term
what is the starting material in the ETC? |
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Definition
10 NADH, 2 FADH2, and oxygen or other electron acceptor |
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Term
what are the products of the ETC? |
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Definition
3 ATP per NADH (30 total), 2 ATP per FADH2 (4 total), and water |
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Term
what is the purpose of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
convert light energy to chemical energy |
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Term
what is the starting material of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
what are the products of photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
where does the ETC take place? |
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Definition
Euk- mitochondrial membrane; Prok-cell membrane |
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Term
where does photosynthesis take place? |
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Definition
chloroplasts; light dependent (grana); light independent (stroma) |
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Term
how do alcoholic and acidic fermentation differ? |
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Definition
alcoholic yields ethanol or other alcohol and CO2, acidic yields some acid (lactic, acetic, succinic, or formic) but not CO2 |
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Term
what are the four major types of genes and how do they differ? |
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Definition
structural - encode proteins that play an important role in cell structure; functional- encode proteins that play an important role in cell function; regulatory -encode proteins or RNAs that play an important role in gene expression; RNA - encode RNA that does not become translated into protein |
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Term
what makes up a nucleotide? |
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Definition
phosphate, deoxyribose, and nitrogen base |
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Term
how are nucleotides attached to each other? |
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Definition
Phophodiester bonds are the one that connect the nucleotides next to each other on the same strand. Weak hydrogen bonds join the two complementary nucleotides and thus the two strands of the DNA together. |
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Term
Which enzymes are involved in DNA replication and what are their roles? |
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Definition
helicase- binds to DNA at the origin of replication where it binds to DNA and seperates the starnds; gyrase-proceeds in front of helicase to remove the super coils from the DNA; primase- synthesizes a RNA primer at the 3 prime ends of the template DNA; DNA polymerase- attaches at the site of the primer, can remove RNA primers and replace with DNA primers, can also proofread for errors; ligase- links Okazaki fragments |
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Term
In what direction is the template strand read? which direct is it made? |
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Definition
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Term
How do the terms semiconservative, replication fork, leading strand, lagging strand and Okazaki fragment relate to DNA replication? |
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Definition
semiconservative- two DNA molecules at end of replication consist of one starnd from old DNA molecule and one starnd of newly sythensized DNA; replication fork- where replication is occuring; leading strand- strand that is replicated continuously; lagging strand (Okazaki fragments)- strand that is synthesized in short fragments |
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Term
What is the major structural feature of the origin of replication? |
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Definition
high concetration of adenine and thymine which is easier to break because it only had two H bonds |
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Term
What are the differences between RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
DNA is double stranded, has a helix, has thymine, deoxyribose, and is super coiled, while RNA is single stranded, has a helix, has uracil, ribose, can bind to itself to form complex secondary and tertiary structures, and is transcribed from DNA |
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Term
describe different types of RNA |
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Definition
mRNA- complementary copy of a gene translated by ribosomes to synthesize proteins; tRNA- recognizes a codon of mRNA and transfers the apporopriate amino acid to the growing peptide chain during translation; rRNA- forms complex 3D structures and provides structure and function to the ribosomal subunits; regulatory RNA- regulate gene expression by interacting with DNA or RNA; primer RNA- created by ligase to help in initiation of DNA replication; ribozymes- RNA enzymes that remove the introns from eukaryotic pre mRNA |
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Term
Which enzymes are involved in transcription and what are their roles? |
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Definition
RNA polymerase- adds nucleotides to grwoing mRNA strand; topoisomerase- relieves supercoils ahead of polymerase |
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Term
In transcription, what direction is the template strand read? which direction is the mRNA strand generated? |
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Definition
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Term
Explain what redundancy (in the context of translation) means and why it exists. |
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Definition
a single amino acid can be coded for by multiple codons |
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Term
What is unique about the first tRNA used in translation |
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Definition
it enters at the P site, while others enter at the A site |
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Term
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic mRNA? |
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Definition
In Euk, each mRNA encodes a single protein and the mRNA requires additional processing before translation, whil ein prok, each mRNA may encode for several proteins and does not require additional processing |
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Term
Describe how an inducible operon functions. |
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Definition
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Term
What are the two major causes of mutation and how do they differ? |
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Definition
spontaneous- random change due to error in mutation; induced- result from expose to a physical or chemical agent that damages DNA |
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Term
In what ways can mutagens cause DNA damage? |
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Definition
insert across both strands of DNA causing distortion in DNA shape; insert durign replication to replace a normal nucleotide from inserting; cause strand breaks; can create bonds between adjacnt pyridimines |
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Term
what is a point mutation? |
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Definition
addition, deletion, or substitution of a single base |
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Term
what is a missense mutation? |
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Definition
a change in DNA sequence that causes a change in the amino acid coded for during translation |
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Term
what is a nonsense mutation? |
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Definition
changes a normal codon to a stop codon causing premature termination of translation |
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Term
what is a silent muatation? |
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Definition
a change in base sequence that does not alter the amino acid sequence of the protein |
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Term
what is a frame shift mutation? |
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Definition
insertion or deletion of a base which will cause the reading frame of the DNA to change; insertion in multiples of three do not result in a frame shift |
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Term
What are the three major mechanisms of DNA damage repair? How/when is each used? |
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Definition
mismatch repair- replaces a single mismatch base during replication; nucleotide excision repair- replaces a fragment of DNA at any point during a cell's lifetime; base excision repair- replaces a single nucleotide base at any time in a cell's lifetime |
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Term
What test is used to determine whether a compound is mutagenic? If a compound is mutagenic, what will its effect be on growth of cells in this test? |
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Definition
AMES test; more cells will grow |
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Term
What two factors are most important for determining the amount of microbial death caused by a microbicidal agent? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the common cellular targets of microbicidal agents? |
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Definition
cell wall, cell membrane, cellular synthetic process, specific proteins or enzymes |
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