Term
| What are two fundamental things Cells must accomplish in order to grow? |
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Definition
Synthesize new components-biosynthesis Harvest Energy |
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Term
| What is the definition of Metabolism? |
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Definition
| The sum total of chemical reactions of biosynethesis and energy harvesting |
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Term
| What are the two components of metabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
degenerative reactions which produces energy from breaking down larger molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Reactions involved in the synthesis of cell components. These reactions require energy. |
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Term
| Where does the energy for Anabolism come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Harvesting energy? |
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Definition
| This is the capacity to do work. Also known as the amount of energy from breaking a bond. |
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Term
| What does harvesting energy exist as? |
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Definition
| Potential and Kinetic energy |
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Term
| What is an exergonic reaction? |
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Definition
If the reactants have more free energy than the products, energy is released.[image] [image][image] |
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Term
| What is an endergonic reaction? |
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Definition
| If the products have more energy than the reactants, energy is consumed. |
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Term
| What are the critical components to a metabolic pathway? (5 things) |
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Definition
| enzymes, ATP, Chemical energy source, Electron Carriers, Precursor metabolites. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a protein that facilitates each step of the metabolic pathway. It catalyzes reactions by lowering the activation energy required to initiate a chemical reaction. |
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Term
| What is a specific benefit of enzymes? |
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Definition
| They make the body more efficitent by useing less energy to get a reaction going. |
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Term
| What does ATP stand for and what is it to the cell? |
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Definition
Adenosine triphosphate It is the energy currency of the cell $ |
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Term
| What makes up an ATP molecule and why is this important? |
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Definition
| Negatively charged phosphate groups which are attached to an adenosine molecule. These negative charges repel which creates an unstable bond that is easily broken releasing energy. |
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Term
| ATP is created by three mechanisms: |
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Definition
Substrate phsophorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
Photophosphorylation |
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Term
| What is Substrate phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Uses chemical energy to add phosphate ion to a molecule of ADP |
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Term
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Uses energy from proton motive force to add phosphate ion to ADP |
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Term
| What is photophosphorylation? |
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Definition
| Utilizes radiant energy from the sun to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. |
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Term
| What is the definition of an energy source? |
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Definition
| It is a compound that breaks down to release energy. Glucose is the most common organic molecule. |
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Term
| Harvesting energy requires series of couples reactions called? |
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Definition
| Oxidataion-reduction reactions. |
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Term
| What is the definition of a Oxidation-reduction reaction? |
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Definition
| It is a reaction in which one or more electrons is transferred from one substance to another. If a compound loses an electron it is oxidized (donor). If a compound gains an electron it is reduced (carrier) |
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Term
| In a reaction are electrons removed or added? |
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Definition
| They are removed. Protons are generally in the form of H+ ions, which had one proton and no electrons. |
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Term
| What are precursor metabolites? |
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Definition
| Intermediate products produced in catabolic pathways. These are used in anabolic pathways and serve as raw materials for construction of macromolecules. |
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Term
| What are the three key pathways of metabolism also know as central metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
| glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and tricarboxylic acid cycle |
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Term
| glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and tricarboxylic acid cycle are Central metabolic pathways. Are they catabolic or anabolic and what do they provide? |
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Definition
Catabolic
Energy (ATP), Reducing power and precursor metabolites. |
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Term
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Definition
A.k.a Embden-Myerhoff pathway
10 step process
Oxidizes glucose to two molecules of 3C pyruvate. Uses 2 ATP to produce 4 atp (2 net gain). There are 6 different precursor metabolites (5 intermediates and pyruvate) |
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Term
| What is Pentose Phosphate pathway (PPP)? |
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Definition
Produced 5 and 7 carbon sugars and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which can go into glycolysis for further breakdown.
IMPORTANT: PRODUCES REDUCING POWER IN NADPH AND CREATES TWO VITAL PRECURSOR METABOLITES. |
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Term
| What is Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)? |
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Definition
This is a transition step for pyruvate which is formed in glycolysis and PPP. The pyruvate loses a CO2 which then forms Acetyle CoA. NAD+ is reduced to NADH. It then enters the cycle, turns twice and completes oxidation of ONE glucose molecule.
IMPORTANT: REDUCES 6 NADH, CREATES 2 PRECURSOR METABOLITE ACETYL COA, CREATES 2 ATP, 2 FADH2 AND RELESES CO2. |
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Term
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Definition
| Respiration uses reducing power to generate ATP.This occurs in the elctron transport chain. NADH and FADH2 transfer electrons to produce proton motive force (these electrons are then recylced). electrons then join with a terminal electron acceptor. In Aerobic respiration this is oxygen. In anaerobic respiration it uses another inorganic molecule. this is Oxidative phosphorylation. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is a partial oxidation of glucose. It produced VERY LITTLE ATP. Uses pyruvate as a terminal electron acceptor. (some organisms use other electron acceptors) |
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Term
| What are three specific characteristics of Enzymes? |
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Definition
They are very specific to their function and will only act with one or a limited number of substrates.
Enzymes do not alter the reactants or products of a chemical reaction and are not altered by the chemical they catalyze
Enzymes are usually named for the substrate they act on ad end in the suffix -ase (Protease) |
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Term
| What sort of environment do enzymes function in? |
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Definition
Enzymes function in a narrow range of environmental factors.
-temperature- increases the speed of reaction and may break enzyme
-pH- Function best right above 7
-Salt- low salt is desired |
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Term
| What does glycolysis look like? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
Group of membrane-embedded electron carriers. It's arrangement of carriers aids the production of the proton motive force.
There are for types of electron carriers:
flavoproteins, Iron-sulfer proteins, quinones, Cytochromes |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of proton motive force? |
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Definition
| Certain carriers accept protons and electrons, some accept only electrons. These carriers pump protons across the membrane and create a proton gradient or proton motive force. THE ARRANGEMENT OF CARRIERS CAUSES PROTONS TO BE SHUTTLED ACROSS MEMBRANE |
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Term
| How is the electron transport chain organized in the mitochondria? |
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Definition
Complex 1-complex 2- coenzyme Q- Complex 3- Cytochrome C- Complex 5
Each carrier accepts electrons from previous carrier |
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Term
| How is the electron transport chain organized for prokaryotes? |
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Definition
Respiration is either aerobic or anaerobic
In aerobic respiration some prokaryotes have enzymes equivalent to complex I and II of mitochondria
Do not have enzyme equivalents of complex III or cytochrome c
Use quinones instead (ubiquinone)
Shuttles electrons directly to terminal electron acceptor
Oxygen acts as acceptor when available
Anaerobic respiration is less efficient
Alternative electron carriers used
Oxygen does not act as terminal electron acceptor
Some bacteria use nitrate
Nitrate converted to nitrite
Nitrite converted to ammonia
Sulfur-reduce bacteria use sulfate as terminal electron acceptor
Quinone carrier (menaquinone) produces vitamin K |
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Term
| What does ATP synthase do? |
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Definition
Harvest energy from proton motive force to synthesize ATP. It allows protons to flow back into the cell-> 1 ATP is formed form entry of 3 protons.
10 protons pumped out per NADH= 3 molecules of ATP
6 protons pumped out per FADH= 2 molecules of ATP |
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Term
| What is the maximum yield of prokaryotic aerobic respiration? |
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Definition
| 36 because 2 ATP is spent crossing the mitochondrial membrane |
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Term
| Why do organisms use fermentation? |
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Definition
Used by organisms that cannot respire
Due to lack of suitable inorganic electron acceptor or lack of electron transport chain |
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Term
| Where is ATP produced in fermentation? |
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Definition
ATP is only produced in glycolysis
Fermentation pathways use pyruvate or derivative as terminal electron acceptor |
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Term
| What are the end products of Fermentation? |
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Definition
Lactic acid
Ethanol
Butyric acid
Propionic acid
2,3-Butanediol
Mixed acids
All are produced in a series of reaction to produce appropriate terminal electron acceptors |
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Term
| What do hydrolytic enzymes do? |
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Definition
| They break bonds by adding water |
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Term
| How are Polysaccharides catabolized? |
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Definition
Amylases breaks down starch to glucose subunits
Cellulases breaks down cellulose to glucose subunits
Glucose enters glycolysis for metabolism |
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Term
| How are disaccharides catabolized? |
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Definition
Disaccharides are hydrolyzed by specific disaccharidases
Disaccharides are formed between glucose and other monosaccharides
Glucose liberated through hydrolysis enters glycolysis
Other monosaccharide modified before metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| simple lipids are combination of fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
| how are lipids catabolized? |
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Definition
they are hydrolyzed by lipases.
Glycerol is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Molecule enters glycolysis
Fatty acids degraded by β-oxidation
Transfers 2-C fatty acid units to coenzyme A
Forms acetyl CoA that enters TCA cycle |
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Term
| How are proteins catabolized? |
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Definition
hydrolyzed by proteases.Amino group removed through deamination
Remaining carbon skeleton converted to precursor metabolite |
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