Term
| name two viral infections that first instigated curiosity about viruses |
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Definition
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Term
| who proposed the term virus and developed teh first vaccine for rabies? |
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Definition
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Term
| when did the first relevations about teh unique charactaristics of viruses occur? |
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Definition
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Term
what was the first virus discovered and in what plant?
also, who was it discovered by? |
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Definition
| tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco-discovered by d. ivanovski and m. beijerinck |
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Term
| what was teh first animal virus discovered? by who? |
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Definition
one that caused foot and mouth disease in cattle
friedrich loeffler and paul frosch |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what types of cells do viruses infect? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a good way to describe viruses? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the terms used to deem viruses as alive or dead? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are obligate intercellular parasites? |
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Definition
| cannot multiply unless they invad a specific host cell and instruct its genetic and matabolic machinery to make and relase quantities of new viruses |
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Term
true or false
viruses are able to redirect the metabolism of living cells to reproduce virus particles |
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Definition
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Term
| true or false: viral replication inside a cel usually causes death or loss of fxn of that cell |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the size of viruses |
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Definition
| they are ultramicroscopic in size, ranging from 20nm up to 450nm |
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Term
| explain the basic structure of a virus |
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Definition
| a protein shell(capsid) surrounding nucleic acid core |
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Term
| do viruses have machinery for synthesizing proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which type of microscope is necessary to view viruses? |
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Definition
electron microscope
NOT LIGHT |
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Term
explain negative staining of a virus:
____ layers of opaque _______
what does this ^^^^^ do? |
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Definition
thin layers of opaque salt
outlines the virus against a dark background |
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Term
how are internal details of a virus revealed?
what type of staining? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the shadowcasting technique and what do its vapors do? |
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Definition
| a proces by which a virus is attached to a surface and showered with metallic vapors then viewed from a certain angle to better view its contours |
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Term
| referring to the molecular structure of the virus; what are teh essential parts it assembles to invade and control a host cell? |
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Definition
| an external coating and a core |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the protein shell that surrounds the nucleic acid of a virus |
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Term
| what are the nucleic acid and the capsid referred to as combined? |
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Definition
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Term
some viruses are more complex and they have an extra addition to their structure
what is this addition?
what is generally inserted into this envelope? |
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Definition
an envelope-just a flexible membrane
receoptor spikes are usually inserted into it |
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Term
| naked viruses? what do they consist of? |
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Definition
| they have only a nucleocapsid |
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Term
what is a fully established virus often referred to?
(one that can establish infection in the host cell) |
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Definition
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Term
what are capsids composed of?
and what are these composed of? |
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Definition
capsomers
which are composed of protein molecules |
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Term
| what are the two different forms capsomers can take? |
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Definition
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Term
helical capsids have capsomers of what shape?
do they look like bracelets? |
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Definition
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Term
| naked helical appear as____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a three dimensional 20 sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners |
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Term
| name two examples of isosahedron viruses |
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Definition
| papillomavirus(naked) and herpes simplex(enveloped) |
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Term
| how does an enveloped virus accquire its envelope? |
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Definition
| when tey are released from the host cell they take a bit of its membrane with them |
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Term
| regarding spikes-how do they form? |
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Definition
| by formin a binding layer etween the envelope and capsid of the virus- glycoproteins remain exposed on the outside |
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Term
| is the envelope more or less supple than the capsid? |
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Definition
| more supple-making the viruses pleomorphic |
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Term
| is the envelope more or less supple than the capsid? |
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Definition
| more supple-making the viruses pleomorphic |
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Term
| why is the outermost part of the cell indispensable? |
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Definition
| it protects the nucleic acid from teh effects of various enqymes and chemicals when the virus is outside the host |
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Term
complex viruses called poxviruses lack a regular_____
what do they have in its place? |
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Definition
| several layers of lipoproteins and coarse surface fibrils |
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Term
| a complex type of virus, bacteriophages, have a polyhedral shaped head, a ____tail, and ___for attachment to the host cell |
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Definition
| helical; fibers for attachment |
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Term
| sum total of the information carried by an organism: |
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Definition
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Term
| genetic info is carried by _________ ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| do viruses have nucleic acids(dna and rna)? |
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Definition
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Term
| do viruses contain dna AND rna? |
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Definition
| no; either of these but not both |
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Term
true or false:
the DNA and RNA of viruses is always teh same |
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Definition
| false: viruses exhibit wide variety in how their RNA or DNA is configured |
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Term
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Definition
| single stranded rna genomes that are ready for mmediate translation into proteins |
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Term
| rna genomes that have to be converted into the proper form to be made into proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the individual genes eist on separate pieces of RNA |
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Term
name two enzymes that viruses may have
note: they do not have metabolic enzymes |
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Definition
polymerase: for dna and rna replication
reerse transcriptase-for synthesizing dna from rna |
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