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| the study of microorganisms or microbes |
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| a microorganism that is normally found in a certain area of the body and under normal conditions do not cause any harm |
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| site in the human body where you will find bacteria or normal flora |
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| any disruption of normal body functioning |
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| a disease caused by a microorganism |
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are microorganisms capable of causing a disease
not all pathogens cause disease- only if condition is right |
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| microorganisms that live on another living organism called a host and usually cause harm to the host |
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| the number of microorganisms on a contaminated object, surface, device, or instrument -the instrument is not clean |
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| group of organisms that stick to each other or adhere to the surface of an instrument. these adherent cells are frequently embedded with a self produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance( EPS) |
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| (460 BC) - used wine and water, boiled them for instruments and irrigation “Father of Medicine” |
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| (131-210 AD) - boiled instruments and authored medical writings |
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| (16th Century) Brussels, Germany. - considered one of the founders of modern anatomy |
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| discovered that cells are the smallest living units, looked at cork with a simple microscope and could see the honeycomb “cell” and a living organism |
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| (1676) - designer of the first microscope |
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| (1798) - smallpox vaccine, first noticed milkmaids did not get cowpox, inoculated young boy (his son) with cowpox, blistered, another inoculated again, and smaller reaction, another inoculation, then no reaction |
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| invented the process of pasteurization, such as with milk, known as the founder of the science of microbiology, discovered the difference between aerobic (need oxygen)and anaerobic (no oxygen) reactions |
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| nurse, instrumental in use of sanitation in hospitals and military wards, used clean items for each patient, she developed the use of using caps to cover hair and keep away from patients, nurse’s pledge |
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(1877) -
discovered that anthrax was caused by the bacteria Bacillus anthracis, caused cutaneous and pulmonary problems, bacteria lived within the soil, animal would get it, and could pass it onto people;
developed the petri dish and the use of agar (nutrient medium); started to understand that certain organisms would cause certain diseases;
discovered that tuberculosis was caused by a Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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| (1886) - instituted steam sterilization |
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(1897) - first to use rubber gloves, nurse had reaction to antiseptics and had Goodyear rubber make gloves for nurse to use during surgeries, he became addicted to cocaine and morphine and left medicine because of it
“Asepsis is a chain as strong as its weakest link.” (know quote)
1910 was when using gowns, gloves, masks, sterilized instruments were becoming standard |
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| (1928) - discovery of penicillin (first antibiotic), but was not used really until the 1940s |
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| 1943 an antibiotic, first effective treatment for tuberculosis |
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| (1953) - discovered the structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) |
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| (1955) - developed the vaccination for polio, but his was the killed vaccine, injectable inoculation |
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| (1961) - developed the attenuated (weakened) polio vaccine, oral vaccine |
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| first cases of AIDS was identified; in 1997 they declared the HIV infection as a pandemic |
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| first vaccine for hepatitis B was licensed, a recombinant DNA vaccine (genetically engineered for specific virus) |
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| measles vaccine, rubiolla |
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| the study of cell formation and structure |
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| All living cells are classified into two groups |
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| a complex cell; includes protozoa, fungi, all plant and animal cells, including human . REPRODUCE BY MITOSIS |
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| less complex cells that include bacteria. REPRODUCES BY BINARY FISSION |
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The system of naming
The scientific nomenclature of naming organisms comes from the 18th century by Carolus Linnaeus
They call the this Latin system binomial nomenclature
Every living organism has 2 names |
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| capitalized- generic name |
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| lower case - specific name |
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Unicellular - does not require living tissue to survive
Classification - shape and size are how they are going to be classified
Pathogenic or non-pathogenic - they may or may not be capable of causing a disease |
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| rod-shaped, straight, cylindrical |
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| spherical, circular, round shaped |
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| abnormal clusters, grape-like |
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| curved or comma-like, kidney bean shaped |
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| cork-screw shaped, rods, but no active movement |
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| cork-screw, rod shape, but with active movement |
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| protective, dormant form that bacteria can stay in until the condition is right for reproduction |
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| protective layer that can surround a bacterial cell, which protect the bacteria from being eaten |
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| hair-like processes that allow the bacteria to move in rhythmic contractions, usually though a liquid |
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| is contained in the cell wall of Gram negative bacteria and are released when the cell dies and disintegrates |
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| diffuses out of the intact Gram positive bacteria and is more potent and the bacteria is still alive |
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| MDRO (Multi- Drug Resistant Organisms) |
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Definition
This is when bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics.
antibiotic usually effective for that type of bacteria will have no effect on the bacteria
bacteria produces an enzyme which causes this |
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bacteria reproduce by this process
chromosome duplicates itself and the original cell divides into 2 identical cells |
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determines shape of bacteria
allows for the laboratory procedure gram staining to identify the bacteria
Gram positive/ Gram negative
the cell wall is where most antibiotics work. Antibiotics damage cell wall and this will destroy bacteria |
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| controls the movement of nutrients in and out of a cell |
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| found in the cytoplasm and gives the bacteria its characteristics, provides for metabolism (reactions) and ability to reproduce |
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| having to do with chromosome and deals with reproduction |
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| Color given to a cell wall to make it easier to see microscopically for identification and study |
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| red or pink is Gram negative with thinner cell wall, less resistant to penicillin |
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| blue or purple is Gram positive with thicker cell wall, more resistant to penicillin |
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| 1884 Danish physician who invented this technique |
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| The 4 steps to gram staining: |
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1. Flood dye, wash off
2. Flood dye, wash off
3. Decolorizer, wash off
4. Flood dye, wash off |
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red dye, carbolfuchsin, is used on mycobacterium
Petri Dish |
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| Bacteria grow best at what Temperature? |
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| 68-98.6 degrees for most bacteri |
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| Bacteria grow best at what Moisture? |
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| most need some sort of moist environment, but some can only survive in dry environments |
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| bacteria that have to have only oxygen to survive |
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| bacteria that have to live with no oxygen |
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| bacteria that can live in either/or environment; oxygen or no oxygen |
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| create own food from simple substances in their surroundings; oxygen, sulphur, minerals, light |
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| an organism that feeds on dead or decaying material |
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| organism that gets their nutrition from a living source |
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| acidity or alkaline, most prefer more alkaline environments |
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| Light Source and Bacteria |
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| light kills most bacteria, particularly those that prefer the darkness |
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| obligatory parasite, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (spread by tick), Typhus (spread by body lice), spread by arthropods |
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| obligatory parasite, Trachoma (eyes, causes conjunctivits and may cause scar tissue on cornea and lead to blindness), Chlamydia (STD, can present as the genitourinary infection, in females can present with little to no symptoms (difficulty urination, bleeding, pain) and men usually have symptoms) both partners need to be treated to cure |
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| CHLAMYDIAS AND RICKETTSIAS TREATMENT |
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| Tetracycline, Doxycycline |
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Smallest microorganism known and can only be seen with a microscope
Obligatory parasite
A virus is not a cell
A virus must have a host
incapable of multiplying outside of a host |
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our antibodies can kill the virus when it is not in the host cell
the virus can simply run its course
the virus can become dormant or latent
antiviral medications |
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Herpes Simplex
Chicken Pox
Common Cold
Hepatitis
HIV
Polio |
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a specific protein found mostly in brain tissue
an infectious prion is a malformed protein that causes a normal prion protein to malform and replicate |
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transmissible not communicable
transmission requires a fomite (non-living object)
communicable is person to person |
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have very long incubation periods
no vaccines
no effective cure |
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| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease |
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| caused by infectious prion, it can be transferred from surgical instruments |
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Can be called both unicellular which is called a yeast or mycosis or multicellular which is called a mold or mycoses
2. Most fungi are SAPROPHYTES, that is, they live on DEAD organic matter |
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| Examples of fungal infections : Candida Albicans |
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(yeast) - resident flora, may be considered a yeast; found on the skin, mouth, intestines, and vagina; cause UTI; when they become plentiful, colonies will cause infection; dangerous if the infection spreads to the bloodstream
antibiotics can cause yeast infections
on the skin is superficial, inside the body is systemic |
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| Examples of fungal infections: Ringworm |
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Definition
called tinea; not a worm but a virus; can be acquired from people or animals; usually presents in circular, scaly patches
Tinea pedis is athlete’s foot; most common form |
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| Examples of fungal infections : Systemic Mycoses |
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more serious; they occur when the fungi gain access to the inside of the body; oftentimes it is because they are inhaled;
histoplasmosis: related to birds and bats; carry fungus in droppings and can be inhaled by humans; symptoms are flu-like in mild cases; wear masks when cleaning chicken coops, exploring caves with lots of bats, or when remodeling or leveling of old buildings |
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| fungal infections TREATMENT |
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Antifungal medications. Effective drugs for serious systemic mycoses (amphotericin B)
hard on liver and kidneys (over a long period of time) |
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Unicellular animal. Adjusts well to life in freshwater or saltwater and soil
Mobile with flagella or cilia
Microscopic
can form cysts (dormant cells that are resistant to heat, cold, or drying out and are able to survive passage from host to host)
need fecal samples to diagnose |
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| (amebic dysentery) intestinal disease; ingestion by food or water that was infested with these |
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| (giardiasis) - diarrhea, ingestion by food or water that was infested with these; can be an issue in daycares if staff does not wash hands prior to preparing food; |
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| medications are available that can treat most protozoan infections |
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Simple multicellular animal
Lives within a host and uses the hosts blood or nutrients as food
Called a Helminth infection |
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| WORMS- Chinese Liver Fluke |
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| ( from ingesting raw fish that contain worm cysts) (abdominal discomfort, cirrhosis after many years) |
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| (eating poorly cooked beef, pork, or fish that contain worm cysts) (bloating and abdominal discomfort; constipation or diarrhea) |
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| (most common worm infestation in the US) (eggs spread to family members on hands and bed linens) (live in colon, females lay eggs on perianal skin while host sleeps, causing irritation and itching) |
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| (eggs excreted in feces; larval worms burrow into the skin of barefoot and migrate to intestines) (food is blood) (heavy infestation cause anemia and fatigue) (now rare in US) |
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| (10-12 in. long, live in small intestines) (large numbers of worms can cause intestinal obstruction) (eggs excreted in feces and are spread on hands or vegetation contamination by human feces) |
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vectors
multicellular animal that spreads disease; can live on the surface of the body; from infected host to an uninfected host, usually by biting, just carriers of the disease-causing microorganisms |
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scabies mite
insects
mosquito
flea
lice
flies
ticks |
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| malaria, West Nile virus, yellow fever, encephalitis |
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| Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (rickettsial diseases) |
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| the ability of the pathogen to cause a disease |
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| the total body defenses against a pathogen |
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| skin, mucous membrane, cilia, adequate nutrition, immune response |
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| (number 1 defense against microorganism; unbroken skin) |
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| inside nose, mouth, rectum ( all create some sort of mucus) ( mucous membranes have heavy blood supplies beneath them) |
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| little hair-like structures in the respiratory tract |
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| someone who is not suffering from malnutrition or anorexia |
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| lymphocyte and macrophages (white blood cells) deals with infections |
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| amount or number of microorganisms needed to be present for an infection to occur |
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causative factors
(may be more than one of the following)
congenital defects
inherited disorders
microorganisms
Immunologic dysfunction
degenerative changes
nutritional deficiencies
malignancy , burns, or trauma |
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| cause of disease is unknown |
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| procedure or error causing a disease |
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| the tendency to get the disease |
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| tendencies to get disease |
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| how to avoid getting disease |
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| science of tracking a disease pattern or occurrence |
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| new disease cases noted in a specific time frame |
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| disease infections that spread from one person to another |
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| many cases in a large area (nationwide) |
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| the usual number of cases in a certain area |
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microorganisms that live on us most of the time.
resident flora is found on our skin , in our mouth, intestinal, and vaginal area
not pathogenic under normal circumstances, but may cause a disease if transferred to another location in the body or if the body’s defenses are impaired |
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| Staphylococcus aureus (number 1 claimed surgical site infection, from someone else resident flora, not their own staph |
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| colon and small intestine normal flora |
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| Escherichia coli (E.coli) (number 1 nosocomial (health care related) infection) |
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can prevent other invading organisms from developing a colony
assist with the digestion process
assist with the production of vitamin K, made in colon from resident flora |
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periodically found in the body
Streptococcus pneumoniae - sometimes found in a person’s upper respiratory tract and usually causes no problem. May become pathogenic if host’s resistance is lowered |
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| the relationship between 2 unrelated organisms that live close together -symbiotic |
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| 2 organisms that benefit each other |
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| 2 organisms - 1 organism is benefitting the other is neither benefited or harmed |
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2 organisms -1 organism benefits and 1 organism is harmed
ex. - worm (feeding off the human, but the human is only being harmed in the process) |
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an infection caused by a microorganism that usually does not cause any problem but under certain circumstances will cause an infection, such as when a bodies defenses are down - examples-
yeast infections from using antibiotics
AIDS (Freddie Mercury)- susceptible to pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma - cancerous lesions of the skin because they have no defense
diabetes - any minor infection for a healthy person becomes heavy infection for a diabetic unhealthy person |
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