Also called resident flora

Make up about 90% of all microorganisms. 

DO NOT cause disease

Also called pathogenic flora.

About 10% of all microorganisms

Cause Disease

STD tx with mercury and heavy metals

Bleeding with Leeches

Boring holes into skull to rid head of evil spirits

In the 1550s he claimed that disease was spread through little seeds that pass through the air from someone who is infected wtih diesase to someone who is uninfected

He was right- didn't convince anyone

Discovery Era

Father of the microscope.

Lens grinder could make simple microscrope magnification of 200x

He viewed and drew the first 3 basic shapes of bacteria

Coccus: Bacillus: Spirillum

Microbes still not viewed as medically important - thought disease was caused by curses on people with unspiritual lives

Came during Transition period, thinking that  something specific was the causative agent of disease

Defined as  some altered quality of the atmosphere.. bad feeling bad vibe... can't put your finger on it

Life comes from non life

Example of ingredients

Dirty shirt +wheat+21 days = mice

Two jars of meat

One with air , one without

Covered jar - no maggots

Open jar- maggots

Trying to disprove spontaneous generation theroy

Started biogenesis

Didn't work because of spirits not allowed in arguement

but helped

Proved FINAL evidence of biogenisis

Used swan necked flasks

Spirits could still get in because flasks were open

Boiled mutton broth and placed it in flasks

Broth remained sterile because the neck was long enough to keep microbes out

Broth remained sterile until neck broke off

Open to air but contained

Developed patuerization technique with wine

Bacteria produced acedic acid (vinegar)

yeast fermented wine

he heated grape juice to kill any bacteria

Theory that living things can only come from other living things

Disproved spontaneous generation theory

Established the prophylactic measures. Preventing disease before it could occur.

Jenner noticed that women that milked cows contracted cowpox- udderally harmless

But, it helped prevent SMALL POX that was deadly

Took a needle and scraped some material from cowpox lesion on the cow's udder and introduced it under the skin of a person who had not had either cowpox nor small pox. Person did get cowpox but not small pox and had IMMUNITY

The vaccine material is recognized as foreign by our immune system

Immune system produces protective proteins called antibodies that will later recognize and destroy the actual disease causer-- (pathogen)

HANDWASHING

Noticed that a contributing factor to high infant mortality rates was that physicians did not wash hands between mothers. 

Instituted basic hand washing procedures using chlorine water

Snow

Epidemiology

Study of disease- tracing of disease thorugh a population

Found that city dwellers caught more diseases than isolated country people.

GERM theory of disease

Animal dies from disease- Following examination, microbes observed

Microbes are then isolated into a pure culture- a growth of only one type of organism from one original mother cell into millions of microbes of the same type and that forms a mass called PURE COLONY

Samples of the organisms are innoculated or introduced to healthy animals

If the isolated organism caused the disease a second animal should exhibit identical symptoms seen in the first animal

Following examination of the second animal, identical organisms are observed again and again

procedure is repeated several times

Father of ASCEPTIC TECHNIQUE

Found that microorganisms were responsible for wound infections

Compound fractures developed complications from infections while simple fractures did not

He sprayed disinfectant called  PHENOL on the patients skin and on his instruments before surgery to kill microorganisms

Developed first antibiotic from mold- PCN

1940s/1950s

Developed first Polio virus vaccine IPV

Inactivated or Kill vaccine it was comprised of dead polio virus particles

Inactivated Polio Vaccine

1950s-1960s

Developed second polio vaccine that was a live vaccine

Comprised of attenuated or weakened virus particles that were produced from less virulant dangerous strains of the antibodies that would protect an individual from disease

OPV

Salk

Invented IPV

IPV was larger doses and more frequent boosters

Inactivated polio vaccine

Sabin

Invented OPV

Attenuated

Smaller doses

less frequent boosters

Oral Polio Vaccine

Since 2000, FOUR doses of the IPV

We went back to IPV because Polio is now so rare that the OPV is too much to give in a small dose.. since it's live and IPV is not

IPV prevents vaccine associated polio

Coccus

Bacillus

Spirillum

Found by Anton Van Leewenhoek

1) Similar characteristics to chronic viral infection, EXCEPT at times virus is dormant

2) No symptoms evident, few antibodies in plasma with exception of HIV, no detectable virus in body b/c at this point virus is located with the host DNA safely tucked in host cell

3)primarily caused by lysogenic viruses 40 activation of virus may be brought on by things such as stress, other illness, UV light