Term
| Winogradsky columns are examples of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Streak plates are used to |
|
Definition
| isolate single colonies of bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Fastidious bacteria require |
|
Definition
| specific media, which can sometimes need to mimic natural substances, e.g. blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autoclaving does not destroy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tyndallisation is... is used for... |
|
Definition
| 80-100C, no pressure, for 10 mins, leave for 24 hrs, then repeat, ensures spores germinate and then are killed, used for sugary broths |
|
|
Term
| Food and plasticware are sterilised using |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Media that cant be heated is sterilised by |
|
Definition
| filtering through sterilised filters that have pores too small for microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Phenols act by
Chlorhexidine acts by
Halogens act by |
|
Definition
Disrupting plasmamembrane,denaturing proteins Disruption of plasma membrane
Denaturing proteins |
|
|
Term
Alcohols act by
Alddehydes act by |
|
Definition
Denaturing proteins and lipid dissolution
Protein inactivation, kills spores |
|
|
Term
| What chemicals kill endospores |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What elements are essential for all microorganisms |
|
Definition
| Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorus, selenium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport food into the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes their own energy by photosynthesis or chemical oxidation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
photoautotropes
chemoautotropes |
|
|
Term
| How are predatory bacteria cultured |
|
Definition
| with their prey in the media |
|
|
Term
| Aseptic technique - opening a flask |
|
Definition
| Open in sterile cabinets, or near a bunsen flame, flame the neck of the flask after opening, use presterilised tools, dispose of contaminated tools |
|
|
Term
| Prokaryotes are defined as |
|
Definition
| having no nuclear membrane, thus the chromosome(s( lies in the cytoplasm, allowing for fast replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Coccus (circle)
Rod (self-explatory)
Spirrillum (bent rod)
Spirochete (wobbly line)
Stalk
Hypha
Filamentous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pass slide through flame, dry in air, flood slide with stain, rinse, dry, place oil on slide, examine with x100 lens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Positive- purple and retain the first stain
Negative- pink and lose the first stain, but are strained by the second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attaching to surgaces and protection, hydrophilic polymer made up of sugar molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crystalline lattice external to all other layers, made of proteins/glycoproteins, protects bacteria from predation and phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Straight, stationary filaments, composed of proteins, several hundred per cell, allows attachment of bacteria to other surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of fimbriae that allow the bacteria to crawl across surfaces, this is called twitching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Straight, stationary, one or two per cell, allows transfer of genetic material between compatible bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1-200 per cell, depends on bacteria, allows bacteria to swim by rotating at high speed, rotation powered by ion-motive gradient across membrane, does not require ATP, flagella grow from the distal end, present in most bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| export effector proteins for pathogens, modifying host cell cytoskeleton, causing actin polymerisation and pseudopod formation, E.coli forms pedestals instead, which remove mircrovilli and allow the bacteria to attach to cells |
|
|
Term
| Gram negative bacteria have |
|
Definition
| an extra outer membrane, consisting of lipopolysaccharide, which consists of lipid tails bound to a sugar core |
|
|
Term
| O antigen in E. coli promotes |
|
Definition
| resistance to antibiotics and bile salts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| toxic to man, only found in bacteria, it contains porins that allow only molecules of a certain size to pass and can change shape due to osmotic conditions. They cab also be binding sites for phages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compartment between the inner and outer membranes of gram genative bacteria, makes up 20-40% of cell volume, contains peptidoglycan wall and many proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Binding proteins, degradative penzyymes, detoxifying enzymes, and cytochromes needed for respiration |
|
|
Term
| Performing the gram stain test |
|
Definition
| Flood a heat fixed smear with crystal violet for a minute, add iodine for a minutes, decolourise with alcohol, gram positive = purple, gram negative =colourless, counterstain with safranin for 1-2 minutes, gram positive = purple, gram negative = pink to red |
|
|
Term
| In eubacteria cell walls consist of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram positive bacteria include, and the walls are, and contain |
|
Definition
| Bacillus, streptococcus and Bifidobacterium, negatively charges, teichoic acid |
|
|
Term
| Gram negative bacteria include |
|
Definition
| Escherichia, Salmonella and Yersinia |
|
|
Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis is special because, |
|
Definition
| It is a gram positive bacteria that forms a special mycomembrane |
|
|
Term
| The cytoplasmic membrane can be invaginated to form, which contain |
|
Definition
| intracytoplasmic membranes, photosynthetic apparatus or magnetosomes |
|
|
Term
| How much of the total cellular protein of the bacterium is found in the cytoplasmic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Roles of the bacterial cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
| Directing peptidoglycan biosynthesis, chromosome segregation, accurate position of septa for cell division |
|
|
Term
| Classes of protein in the cytoplasmic membrane |
|
Definition
Permeases -transport out toxins, metabolic production, extracellular enzymes and structural componenets, transport in growth substrates and cofactors
Biosynthetic enzymes - produces lipids and proteins
Energy generating complexes- ETC and ATPases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site of protein synthesis in bacteria, consists of about 20 ribosomes attached to an mRNA molecule |
|
|
Term
| Genetic information in bacteria is near to |
|
Definition
| the mRNA that codes for it |
|
|
Term
| What do bacteria use as energy stores |
|
Definition
| glycogen, polyhydroxykalkanoates, polyphosphate or sulphur |
|
|
Term
| Gas vacuoles are found in, and are permeable to, but not to, so act as, |
|
Definition
| cyanobacteria,gas,water,buoyancy aids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Normal cell, Prespore and mother cell seperated by septum, prespore engulfed by mother cell, cortex develops around spore, spore coat develops, spore matures and cell lysis occurs, spore germinates into normal cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cutaneous anthrax, 20% mortality rate if untreated, black swollen scar develops
gastrointestinal anthrax, caused by eating uncooked putrid meat, high mortality but rare
pulmonary anthrax, very rare outside of warfare, flulike symptoms, followed by difficulty breathing then death |
|
|
Term
| Flagellar roatation works by |
|
Definition
| H+ produced by ETC enter the motor proteins and change the conformation of the loop of MotA complexes, which push on the FliGs which are attached to the rortor and so the flagellum rotates. When a protein called CheY phosphate is produced it binds to the motors, causing them to disengage, allowing the bacteria to change direction and stop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| essential to growth and geared towards division |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs during the stationary phase |
|
|
Term
| How much energy is released when ATP/ADP is hydrolysed to ADP/AMP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The flagellar motors are turned by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dehydrogenases, cytochromes and quinones |
|
|
Term
| Some bacteria have, instead of oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor, and produce, instead of water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| plasmids can be turned into vectors by |
|
Definition
| cutting them with restriction endonucleases and rejoining different DNA sequences with DNA ligase |
|
|
Term
| A DNA library can be made if |
|
Definition
| all the pieces of a genome are cut with restriction enzymes and joined into individual copies of plasmids |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria are ideal for genetic experiments because, which means if, |
|
Definition
| haploid, you knock a gene out then the property it encodes is no longer produced in the bacterium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiate into raised fruiting bodies when it is starved |
|
|
Term
| Caulobacter crescentus can |
|
Definition
| differentiate into stalked and swarmer cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| differentiates into spores under condition of nutrient limitation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hold onto surfaces, digest food, communicate and resist phagocytosis |
|
|
Term
| How do bacteria display stealth and what can it lead to? |
|
Definition
| few surface proteins, binding with the wrong side of antibodies, can lead to autoimmune diseases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break between tight junctions in human epithelium by corkscrewing through |
|
|
Term
| Histone-like proteins are involved |
|
Definition
| in the binding and packaging of DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups of genes whose expression is coordinated from an operator or promoter region |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial genes do not contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Commonest form of regulation of bacterial genes |
|
Definition
| having different promoter regions that are recognised by different proteins that activate or repress transcription |
|
|
Term
| E.coli divides every 18 minutes. It takes 40 minutes to do one round for chromosome replication. How is this possible? |
|
Definition
| E. coli begins replication again before they have finished dividing, the bacteria inherit already replicating chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Proteins need to form bends |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What temperatures does PCR need, and for what? |
|
Definition
| 95C, split DNA by breaking H bonds, 55C attachment of primers, 72C, extension |
|
|
Term
| How do sulfa drugs differ from antibiotics, and how do they work as antibacterials? |
|
Definition
| They are man made, and they mimic PABA, which is essential for folic acid synthesis in bacteria, which is essential for DNA and RNA synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Pennicillin only works on... it can be modified to make... which works for both... adn... |
|
Definition
| gram positive, ampicillin, gram negative, gram positive |
|
|
Term
| What targets myobacterium tuberculosis and how |
|
Definition
| rifampicin, inhibits RNA polymerase |
|
|
Term
| What is given for anthrax and why? |
|
Definition
| ciprofloxacin, it prevents supercoiling of DNA |
|
|
Term
| Streptomycin and tetracycline... |
|
Definition
| binds to the 30S subunit in bacterial ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits the larger 50S subunit fo the ribosome, and treats Legionnaires |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chloramphenicol also binds to the 50S subunit. It prevents peptide bond formation. It is used against Salmonella infections and in treating brain infections. |
|
|
Term
| Fungal sexual reproduction - |
|
Definition
Different mating types mix cytoplasmic contents
Hyphal nuclei (which are haploid) do no immediatly fuse, each parental nucleus grows and divides within the hyphae, often for long pof time, the daughter nuclei remain in pairs |
|
|
Term
| a hypha containing paired haploid nuclei is said to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Conjugation between genetically identical hyphae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If hyphae contain only single, unpaired nuclei, the mycelium is called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the nuclei of each pair in a dikaryon are demonstrably different, then the myceloim is a, this is known as, |
|
Definition
| heterokaryon, heterothallism |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in mycelium after they form a diploid zygote? |
|
Definition
| meiosis tp reestablish the haploid state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
zygospore
ascospores
basidiospores |
|
|
Term
| Asexual spores (mycelium) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Life cycle of basidiospores |
|
Definition
| basidiospore -> primary mycelium -> conjugation -> secondary mycelium -> tertiary mycelium -> basidiospore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inner region = chitin microfibrils + protein
Covered by a layer of protein, glucan and glycoprotein |
|
|
Term
| Fungal secondary cell wall |
|
Definition
| composed of layers of glycoprotein and glucan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Growth/development zones in mycelium |
|
Definition
Apical growth zone - extending hpyha
Absorption zone - nutrient uptake
Storage zone - nutrient storage
Senescence zone -oldest part of mycelium, may undergo lysis, very dark |
|
|
Term
| Cords wrap around, to form, which creates, |
|
Definition
| the myceliums branches, a multi-hyphal structure, wide vessel-hyphae (tubes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth from apical meristem, thicker cell walls, form medullary region and outer cortex |
|
|
Term
| Fungi are very effecteive at attacking... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-living substrates (leaf decay) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dead cells of organism the fungus killed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Living cells of a host (can be mutualistic) |
|
|
Term
| Fungi exist at stages between |
|
Definition
| yeast and filamentous forms |
|
|
Term
| What carries cell building materials to the tip of the hyphae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors which encourage the mycelial form are: this is a response to |
|
Definition
| raised pH. low temperatures, attachment to surfaces, scarce nutrients |
|
|
Term
| Phases of Growth in Batch Culture |
|
Definition
Lag: no cell division and no detectable growth but synthesis of enzymes and cofactors to support growth.
Exponential (Log): balanced growth and cell division unlimited by resources.
Stationary: nutrient limitation leads to slowing of growth and changes in metabolism.
Death: no growth or cell division which can lead to death and lysis of some cells. Decline in the amount of biomass is noticeable in mould cultures. |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in higher eukaroytes that does not occur in fungi? |
|
Definition
| breakdown of the nuclear membrane during mitosis/meiosis |
|
|
Term
| Worlds largest living organism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Condensed regions of chromatin in fungi are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accessible regions of chromatin in fungi are callsed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some fungal species contain self-replicating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sexual stages of fungi are: |
|
Definition
fusion of 2 haploid cells (plasmogamy)
nuclear fusion to form a diploid (karyogamy)
formation of haploid nuclei (meiosis)
Some fungi are self-fertile (homothallic) whereas others must cross with the opposite mating type (heterothallic). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexual reproduction requires opposite mating types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sexual reproduction does not require opposite mating types, i.e. self-fertile. |
|
|
Term
Glucoamylase
Alpha-amylase
Beta-amylase
Alpha-glucosidase |
|
Definition
exoenzyme releasing glucose
endoenzyme releasing oligosaccharides
exoenzyme releasing maltose
degrades maltose to glucose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the breakdown of compounds to yield energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones |
|
|
Term
| Major uses of enzymes from fungi |
|
Definition
Starch liquefaction, glucose syrup production, textiles (starch-sizing), bioenergy Fruit and vegetable processing, textiles, paper manufacture, detergents, bioenergy Antioxidant, preservative
Detergents, dairy products Cheese, meat and fish processing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 morphological types of cyanobacteria |
|
Definition
Unicellular-divide by binary fission
Unicellular - dividing by multiple fission
Filamentous - with differentiated cells called heterocysts (heterocystous)
Branching filamentous types (heterocystous)
Filamentous - non-heterocystous forms |
|
|
Term
| Cyanobacteria can stand up to |
|
Definition
| 73C in alkaline hot springs |
|
|
Term
| Buoyancy regulation in cyanobacter |
|
Definition
| Strong light-increased photosynthesis - turgor pressure rises-weaker gas vesicles collapse-buoyancy lost-algae sinks-dim light- low rate photosynthesis- low turgor pressure-new gas vesicles form- increased buoyancy -alga floats up- strong light |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that contain both chlorophyll a and b ..........lack phycobilins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the smallest infectious agent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the version of CJD found in cows, and what is the version found in sheep |
|
Definition
| Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), Scrapie |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It misfolds the PrPc protein, preventing it from maintaining nerve cells. These misfolded proteins go onto misfold other proteins. the misfolded protein is now resistant to certain proteases. |
|
|
Term
| How was BSE and nvCJD created? |
|
Definition
| Cows were fed bonemeal from cows and sheep with scrapie, resulting in BSE, humans eating ill cows caused nvCJD |
|
|
Term
| What do prions lack that other infectious agents dont? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extreme environments, e.g. high salt, high temperatures or low pH. |
|
|
Term
| Archaebacteria can be broadly classified into 4 groups: |
|
Definition
| thermophiles, methanogens, methanogen-halophiles, and the Thermoplasma group. |
|
|
Term
| Archaea cell walls are made of? and devoid of? |
|
Definition
| pseudopeptidoglycan polysaccharide, muramic acid and diaminopimelate (DAP) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen, or methanol/other alcohols to methane, live under strictly anaerobic conditions in swamps or as symbionts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Found in hypersaline environments such as the Dead Sea, require at least 1.5M salt for growth (many grow at 5.5M), most are aerobes, e.g. Haloferax sp. Some are odd shapes, e.g. Haloacula hispanica is rectangular (others are square or triangular). Some, e.g. Halobacterium halobium have a photopigment bacteriorhodopsin in their membranes. This contains a pink- red retinal pigment which absorbs light and pumps protons out of the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Has no cell wall but has a special lipopolysaccharide membrane, called tetra-ether lipoglycan. It lives aerobically on warm coal slag-heaps, has a very small genome (1.5MB) and has histones like eukaryotes. |
|
|
