Term
| when human is source, airborne viruses are propelled from? |
|
Definition
| the respiratory tract by coughing, sneezing, or vocalizing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA virus, member of Herpesviridae
humans serve as reservoir and source
acquired by droplet inhalation into respirator system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
virus resides in cranial and sensory neurons
reactivation - virus migrates down neuron
reactivated form of chickenpox. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiratory system disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RNA virus; segmented genome
four groups A,B,C, and Thorogoto
numerous animal reservoirs
acquired by inhalation or ingestion of respiratory secretions. |
|
|
Term
hemagglutinin (HA)
neuraminidase (NA)
influenza subtypes |
|
Definition
16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase
antigenic forms are known |
|
|
Term
hemagglutinin (HA)
neuraminidase (NA)
function |
|
Definition
| viral attachment and virulence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutations in a strain within a geographic area |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
assortment of genomes when two different strains of flu viruses (from humans, animals)
infect the same cell and are incorpaorated into a single new capsid |
|
|
Term
Influenza
clinical manifestations |
|
Definition
chills, fever, headache, malaise, and general
muscular aches and pains |
|
|
Term
Influenza
treatment, prevention and control |
|
Definition
rapid immunologic tests
symptomatic/supportive therapy
inactivated virus vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rash caused by measles virus (RNA virus)
enters body through respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| subacute sclerosing panencephalitis |
|
Definition
| rare progressive degeneration of central nervous system caused by measles virus |
|
|
Term
Measles
treatment, prevention and control |
|
Definition
symptomatic/supportive therapy
attenuated measles vaccine
MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, rubella) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by paramyxovirus, RNA virus |
|
|
Term
Mumps
clinical manifestations |
|
Definition
16-18 days after infection
fever with swilling and tenderness of salivary glands
complications include meningitis and orchitis (inflammation of testis) |
|
|
Term
Mumps
treatment, prevention and control |
|
Definition
symptomatic/supportive therapy
live attenuated vaccine (MMR) |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory Syndromes and Viral Pneumonia |
|
Definition
| caused by viruses called acute respiratory viruses |
|
|
Term
Respiratory Syndromes and Viral Pneumonia
clinical manifestations |
|
Definition
rhinitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis
and pneumonia (vary in degree of severity) |
|
|
Term
Respiratory Syndromes and Viral Pneumonia
treatment, prevention and control |
|
Definition
in most cases,
symptomatic/supportive therapy |
|
|
Term
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
|
Definition
Respiratory Syndytial Virus
negative strand RNA virus
causes formation of syncytia (fused cells) |
|
|
Term
Respiratory Syncytial Virus
clinical manifestations |
|
Definition
acute onset of fever, cough, rhinitis and nasal congestion.
often progresses quickly to severe bronchitis and viral pneumonia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enveloped RNA virus
mild rash of three days acquired from respirator droplets |
|
|
Term
| Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) |
|
Definition
| highly contagious viral disease caused by the SARS-associate corona virus (SARS-CoV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by variola virus
large, brick-shaped complex virus
(linear dsDNA) transmitted by aerosol or contact
humans are the only natural host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common and more severe form of disease
extensive rash and higher fever
33% fatality rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
less common form and less severe
fatality rates of 1% or less |
|
|
Term
Arthropod-Borne Diseases
(arboviruses) |
|
Definition
| viruses transmitted by bloodsucking arthropods from one vertebrate host to another |
|
|
Term
Arthropod-Borne Diseases
Clinical Syndromes |
|
Definition
| undifferentiated fevers, with or without rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of the brain
fatality rate is usually high
e.g., West nile virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
frequently severe and fatal
e.g., Ebola virus and Marburg virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| touching, kissing, sexual contact, contact with body fluids, contact with open wounds |
|
|
Term
| Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
|
Definition
| caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); RNA virus family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when infected blood, semen, or vaginal secretions come in contact with uninfected person’s broken skin or mucous membranes
Not arthropod borne
Replicates within T cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2–8 weeks after infection
most experience brief illness called acute retroviral syndrome
rapid multiplication and dissemination of virus throughout body
stimulation of immune response |
|
|
Term
| asymptomatic (latent) HIV |
|
Definition
may last from 6 months to 10 or more years
levels of detectable HIV in blood decrease, although viral replication continues
effects on immune functions may occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formerly called AIDS-related complex
can last for months to years
viral replication continues
numbers of CD4 + cells in blood significantly decrease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fourth and last stage
immune system no longer able to defend against virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all HIV-infected individuals who have fewer than 200 CD4+ T cells/microliter of blood or a CD4+ cell percentage of lymphocytes of less than 14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
viral isolation and culture
assays for reverse transcriptase activity or viral antigens
most commonly done by detection of specific anti-HIV antibodies in the blood
routine screening tests use ELISA assays which have many false positive results which are retested using Western blot technique
most sensitive test uses polymerase chain reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no cure for AIDS
treatment directed at reducing viral load, disease symptoms, and treating disease and malignancies
most successful treatment involves a combination of drugs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, e.g., AZT
nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, e.g., delavirdine
protease inhibitors, e.g., indinavir
fusion inhibitors (FIs) – prevent entry of HIV into cells, e.g., enfuvirtide |
|
|
Term
rhinoviruses (ssRNA viruses)
coronaviruses
parainfluenza viruses |
|
Definition
excretion of virus in nasal secretion
airborne transmission by droplets
contaminated hands or fomites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fever blisters (herpes labialis)
caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
dsDNA
Active
Latent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usually caused by herpes simplex type 2
linear dsDNA
enveloped virus
very common sexually transmitted disease and to infant during vaginal delivery (congenital or neonatal herpes)
active and latent disease
with reactivations |
|
|
Term
| Mononucleosis (Infectious) |
|
Definition
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
herpes virus
dsDNA, icosahedral with envelope
infects B cells
also associated with Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
spread by mouth-to-mouth contact |
|
|
Term
Mononucleosis…
clinical manifestations |
|
Definition
enlarged lymph nodes and spleen, sore throat, headache, nausea, general weakness and tiredness, and mild fever
self-limited disease, lasting 1 to 6 weeks |
|
|
Term
Mononucleosis…
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
rapid diagnostic tests
symptomatic/supportive therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
horny projections on skin associated with human papillomaviruses
DNA virus, Papillomaviridae family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
plantar warts
verrucae vulgaris
flat or plane warts
anogenital condylomata (genital warts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical destruction, topical application of drug podophyllum, or injection of IFN-α |
|
|
Term
| acute viral gastroenteritis |
|
Definition
inflammation of stomach or intestines
important disease of infants and children
leading cause of childhood death in developing countries
probably spread by fecal-oral route |
|
|
Term
four major groups of
Gastroenteritis (Viral) |
|
Definition
Rotavirus, adenovirus, and astrovirus
~5–10 million deaths/year worldwide
Norovirus
~23 million cases of acute gastroenteritis/yr
usually self-limited disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ebola and Marburg viruses
hantaviruses
Lassa fever virus
Nipah virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jacob (CJD) disease, and variant CJD, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) |
|
|
Term
transmission
Prion Diseases |
|
Definition
| medical procedures, genetic, food-borne |
|
|
Term
symptom of
Prion Diseases |
|
Definition
dementia is primary symptom
usually accompanied by motor dysfunction
symptoms appear after prolonged incubation and last from months to years prior to death
produce characteristic spongiform degeneration of brain and deposition of amyloid plaques
share many characteristics with Alzheimer’s disease |
|
|
Term
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
|
Definition
gram-positive
lysogenized strains = exotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis
resistant to drying
airborne transmission by nasopharyngeal secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually observed in individuals >30 years old with weakened immunity and living in tropical areas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection at a wound or skin lesion
slow-healing ulceration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
observation of pseudomembrane in throat
bacterial culture |
|
|
Term
| treatment, prevention, and control Diphtheria… |
|
Definition
antitoxin given to neutralized unabsorbed exotoxin in patient’s tissues
antibiotic therapy
active immunization with DPT or acellular DTap vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation the brain or spinal cord meninges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis (serotypes), and Hemophilus influenza (serotype b)
may be endogenous infection (normal biota)
N. meningitidis (meningococcus) causes epidemic meningitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| by Gram stain of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
|
|
Term
| Aseptic Meningitis Syndrome |
|
Definition
| clinical manifestations similar to bacterial meningitis but show no microbial agent in gram-stained specimen and in culture |
|
|
Term
Aseptic Meningitis Syndrome
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
must rule out bacterial diagnosis
treatment difficult |
|
|
Term
| Meningitis… clinical manifestations |
|
Definition
initial respiratory illness or sore throat interrupted by one of following:
vomiting, headache, lethargy, confusion, and stiffness in neck and back
may be fatal |
|
|
Term
N. meningitidis
Treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
antibiotics (also prophylactic), vaccine
recommended for college students, others |
|
|
Term
H. influenzae
Treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
pneumonia and meningitis kill 3 million worldwide/year
vaccine (Hib) reduced cases to 1/100,000 |
|
|
Term
S. pneumoniae
Treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
Definition
| (Mtb), M. bovis, M. africanum |
|
|
Term
transmission of
Tuberculosis (TB) |
|
Definition
majority is person to person spread of droplet nuclei in respiratory tract
also transmitted from infected animals and their products
reactivation of old, dormant infections
disease develops slowly |
|
|
Term
diagnosis of
Tuberculosis (TB) |
|
Definition
observation of acid-fast bacteria,
chest X-ray, Mantoux, or tuberculin skin test
DNA-based tests |
|
|
Term
antimicrobial therapy of
Tuberculosis (TB) |
|
Definition
multi-drug-resistant strains (MDR-TB)
extensively drug resistant strains (XDR-TB)
resistance develops due to naturally occurring chromosomal mutations and natural selection of resistant Mtb due to lack of adherence to treatment protocol |
|
|
Term
| caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
|
Definition
| causes atypical pneumonia as opposed to the consistent signs and symptoms of typical pneumonia |
|
|
Term
transmission of
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia |
|
Definition
| close contact and airborne droplets |
|
|
Term
diagnosis of
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia… |
|
Definition
rapid immunological tests
isolation from respiratory secretions “fried egg” appearance of organisms on agar |
|
|
Term
Mycoplasmal Pneumonia…
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
other bacteria and viruses cannot be detected and immunodiagnostic tests
antibiotic therapy
no preventive measures |
|
|
Term
Pertussis
whooping cough caused by |
|
Definition
gram-negative Bordetella pertussis
highly contagious disease that primarily affects children |
|
|
Term
transmission of Pertussis
whooping cough |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tracheal cytotoxin, dermonecrotric toxin |
|
Definition
| destroy epithelial tissue |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus pyogenes
virulence factors |
|
Definition
extracellular enzymes that break down host molecules
streptokinases – dissolve clots
streptolysin O and S – kill host leukocytes
capsules and M protein for attachment |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus pyogenes
transmission |
|
Definition
| respiratory droplets, direct or indirect contact |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus pyogenes
diagnosis |
|
Definition
based on clinical and laboratory findings
rapid diagnostic tests available |
|
|
Term
Streptococcal Pharyngitis
called strep throat |
|
Definition
| infection in throat (pharyngitis) or on tonsils (tonsillitis) |
|
|
Term
physical manifestations of
Streptococcal Pharyngitis |
|
Definition
| redness, edema, exudate in 50% and lymph node enlargement in throat |
|
|
Term
transmission of
Yersinia pestis – gram negative |
|
Definition
| bite of infected flea, direct contact with infected animal or product, inhalation contaminated airborne droplets |
|
|
Term
Yersinia pestis
virulence factor |
|
Definition
survive and proliferate in phagocytic cells
multiply in blood and lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
Yersinia pestis
virulence factor |
|
Definition
proliferates in phagocytes, not killed
type III secretion systems deliver yersinal outer membrane proteins (YOPS) into cells which shut down defense mechanisms |
|
|
Term
clinical manifestations of
Yersinia pestis |
|
Definition
subcutaneous hemorrhages, fever, and buboes (hence name bubonic plague)
high mortality if untreated
pneumonic plague arises from:
primary exposure to infectious respiratory droplets of infected persons
or cats
secondary to hematogenous spread in a patient with bubonic plague |
|
|
Term
| agalactiae or Group B streptococcus (GBS) |
|
Definition
| common cause of neonatal and newborn diseases such as sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia |
|
|
Term
agalactiae or Group B streptococcus (GBS)
transmitted by |
|
Definition
person-to-person
vagina may be source for newborns |
|
|
Term
Clinical manifestations of
agalactiae or Group B streptococcus (GBS) |
|
Definition
early onset disease
presents within first few hours after birth
may be severe meningitis or death
late onset disease - rare |
|
|
Term
agalactiae or Group B streptococcus (GBS)
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
detect pregnant carriers
antibiotics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anaerobic, gram-positive spore-former
endospores found in soil, dust, hospital environments, and mammalian feces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
prolonged muscle spasms
also produces tetanolysin, a hemolysin |
|
|
Term
Clostridium tetani
portal of entry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invades peripheral nerve and skin cells, becoming obligate intracellular parasite |
|
|
Term
Mycobacterium leprae
Hansen’s disease
humans are only significant reservoir |
|
Definition
transmitted after prolonged exposure to infected individuals
probably spread in nasal secretions |
|
|
Term
clinical manifestations of
Mycobacterium leprae |
|
Definition
incubation usually 3 to 5 years
initial symptom is slightly pigmented skin eruption
development of disease thought to be related to strength of cell-mediated immune response to bacterium |
|
|
Term
| tuberculoid (neural) leprosy |
|
Definition
mild, nonprogressive form
associated with delayed-type hypersensitivity
damaged nerves and regions of skin that have lost sensation and are surrounded by a border of nodules |
|
|
Term
| lepromatous (progressive) leprosy |
|
Definition
individuals do not develop hypersensitivity
skin tissue killed, leading to progressive loss of facial features, fingers, toes, and other structures
disfiguring nodules form all over body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
emerging agent in tattoo-associated infection
skin lesions, papules, pustules, plaques |
|
|
Term
Mycobacterium chelonae
diagnosis |
|
Definition
culture, bacterial staining
long-term antibiotic treatment, steroids |
|
|
Term
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
gram-negative, oxidase-positive diplococcus |
|
Definition
| disease of mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract, eye, rectum, and throat |
|
|
Term
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
can also be transmitted from mother to child during birth, causing |
|
Definition
| ophthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis of the newborn) |
|
|
Term
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
diagnosis |
|
Definition
| culture of bacterium followed by gram stain, oxidase test, and determination of cell and colony morphology; DNA probe test |
|
|
Term
clinical manifestations of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
|
Definition
symptoms in males
urethral discharge of yellow, creamy pus, and painful, burning urination
symptoms in females
vaginal discharge beginning 7 to 21 days after infection |
|
|
Term
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
antibiotic therapy
penicillin resistance common
public education, diagnosis and treatment of asymptomatic individuals, condom use, and quick diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of stomach and intestinal lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathogen must colonize host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ingestion of toxin
enterotoxins – disrupt functioning of intestinal mucosa causing nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium botulinum, an obligately anaerobic, endospore-forming, gram-positive rod |
|
Definition
| most common source of infection is insufficiently heated home-canned food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endospores not killed, then germinate and produce toxin
if food inadequately cooked, toxin remains and causes disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neurotoxin that binds to synapses of motor neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
restricted to reference laboratories
demonstration of toxin in patient’s serum, stools, or vomitus or C. botulinum in stool cultures |
|
|
Term
Escherichia coli Gastroenteritis
traveler’s diarrhea |
|
Definition
caused by certain viruses, bacteria, or protozoa normally absent from traveler’s environment
E. coli is one of major causative agent |
|
|
Term
| enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) |
|
Definition
produces one or both enterotoxins responsible for diarrhea
distinguished by their heat stability |
|
|
Term
| enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) |
|
Definition
multiplies within intestinal epithelial cells
may produce a cytotoxin and an enterotoxin |
|
|
Term
| enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) |
|
Definition
causes effacing lesions
caused by destruction of brush border microvilli on intestinal epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) |
|
Definition
produces effacing lesions, leading to hemorrhagic colitis
releases shiga-like toxins
implicated in hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura |
|
|
Term
diagnosis of
Traveler’s Disease… |
|
Definition
| past travel history and symptoms, isolation and identification of causative agents using DNA probes, tests for virulence factors, and PCR |
|
|
Term
Traveler’s Disease…
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
symptomatic/supportive therapy and antibiotic therapy
avoiding contaminated food and water |
|
|
Term
Salmonellosis
gram-negative non-spore forming rods |
|
Definition
results from food-borne infection
bacteria in intestinal mucosa produce enterotoxin and cytotoxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abdominal, pain, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| isolation of organism from food or patients’ stools |
|
|
Term
Salmonellosis
treatment, control, and prevention |
|
Definition
fluid and electrolyte replacement
good food handling practices, proper refrigeration, adequate cooking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Microbes that are otherwise members of the normal microbiota but become pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| creates environment for pathogens that produce acids and other virulence factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
initiated by formation of subgingival plaque
main species involved is Porphyromonas gingivalis |
|
|
Term
Pathogenic Fungi
50 produce mycoses in humans
five groups depending on route of infection |
|
Definition
superficial, cutaneous, subcutaneous are all direct contact
systemic infections have disseminated to visceral tissues
opportunistic mycoses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
piedras
infections of hair shaft
tineas
infections involving outer layers of skin, nails, and hair |
|
|
Term
superficial mycoses
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
removal of skin scales and infected hairs
good personal hygiene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dermatomycoses, ringworms, or tineas |
|
|
Term
cutaneous mycoses
diagnosis |
|
Definition
| microscopic examination of skin biopsies and culture on Sabouraud’s glucose agar |
|
|
Term
cutaneous mycoses
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
| topical ointments and antifungal agents |
|
|
Term
cutaneous mycoses
Tinea capitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cutaneous mycoses
Tinea pedis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cutaneous mycoses
Tinea unguium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
cutaneous mycoses
Tinea cruris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by inhabitants of soil
introduced in soil-contaminated puncture wounds |
|
|
Term
clinical manifestations of
Subcutaneous Mycoses |
|
Definition
develops slowly over a period of years
nodules form and ulcerate
organisms spread along lymphatic channels, producing more nodules |
|
|
Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses
diagnosis |
|
Definition
| culture and examination of fungus from infected tissue |
|
|
Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
| antifungal agents and surgical excision |
|
|
Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses
chromoblastomycosis |
|
Definition
| dark brown pigmented nodules |
|
|
Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses
maduromycosis |
|
Definition
destroys subcutaneous tissue and produces serious deformities
often called a eumycotic mycetoma (fungal tumor) |
|
|
Term
Subcutaneous Mycoses
Sporotrichosis |
|
Definition
most common in US
when spread throughout body, referred to as extracutaneous sporotrichosis |
|
|
Term
Airborne Diseases…
cryptococcosis neoformans |
|
Definition
caused by yeast
source is dried pigeon droppings
inhalation |
|
|
Term
Airborne Diseases…
Histoplasmosis capsulatum (dimorphic) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Pathogenic Protists…
protozoa |
|
Definition
| single-celled eukaryotic chemoorganotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arthropod vectors
food and water vehicles
direct contact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by four species of Plasmodium |
|
|
Term
malaria
life cycle of plasmodial protists |
|
Definition
sporozoite injected with mosquito bite
replicates as merozoite in hepatic cells
released, enters erythrocytes and replicates
lyses erythrocytes – correlates with fever |
|
|
Term
clinical manifestations of
Malaria… |
|
Definition
periodic attacks of chills and fever
anemia can result and the spleen and liver often hypertrophy
can cause cerebral malaria in children and nonimmune individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| demonstration of parasites within Wright- or Giemsa-stained red blood cells and serological tests |
|
|
Term
Malaria…
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
antimalarial drugs
resistance has been observed
chemoprophylaxis for individuals traveling to endemic areas
prevention by use of bed netting and insecticides to control mosquitoes
new vaccine shows promise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transmitted by sandflies when they take a blood meal |
|
|
Term
Leishmania donovani,
three forms of infection |
|
Definition
| mucocutaneous, cutaneous, and visceral |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lesions of mouth, nose, throat, and skin that cause extensive scarring and disfigurement
papules that develop into crustated ulcers
healing occurs with scarring and permanent immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involves monocyte-macrophage system |
|
|
Term
clinical manifestations of
Visceral Leishmaniasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| observation of parasites within infected macrophages, cultural and serological tests |
|
|
Term
Leishmaniasis…
treatment, prevention, and control |
|
Definition
antiparasite therapy
vector and reservoir control, and epidemiological surveillance |
|
|
Term
Toxoplasmosis
Toxoplasma gondii |
|
Definition
apicomplexan (nonmotile) protist
most are asymptomatic
reservoir wild rodents, birds, small mammals |
|
|
Term
transmission of
Toxoplasma gondii |
|
Definition
fecal-oral infected animals
also by ingestion of undercooked meat, congenital transfer, blood transfusion, or tissue transplant |
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Term
clinical manifestations of
Toxoplasma gondii |
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Definition
usually asymptomatic or resembles mononucleosis
encephalitis can be fatal in immunocompromised hosts
tachyzoites cross the placenta and infect fetus, causing serious congenital defects or death |
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii
diagnosis |
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Definition
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Term
Toxoplasma gondii
treatment, prevention, and control |
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Definition
antiparasite therapy
minimizing exposure by: avoidance of raw meat and eggs, washing hands after working in soil, and cat-handling practices |
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Term
Amebiasis (Amebic Dysentery)
Entamoeba histolytica |
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Definition
| infection by ingestion of mature cysts from fecally contaminated water, food or hands, or from fecal exposure during sexual contact |
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Term
Amebiasis…
clinical manifestations of
Entamoeba histolytica |
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Definition
| asymptomatic to fulminating dysentery, exhaustive diarrhea, appendicitis, and abscesses of liver, lungs, and brain |
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Term
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Definition
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