Term
|
Definition
takes advantage of the differences between bacteria and
people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Narrow-spectrum
Broad-spectrum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effective only against a few types of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effective against a wide variety of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the antibiotics actually kill the bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the antibiotics inhibit bacterial growth, but may not kill them |
|
|
Term
| inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis |
|
Definition
Beta-lactams
Bacitracin
Vancomycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| penicillins and cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the ones that are made by the penicillian molds (ex.
Pen G and Pen V). they are more active agianst gram + than gram -
bacteria. its sensitive to penicillinase |
|
|
Term
| semisynthetic penicillins |
|
Definition
those that are chemically modified to have one of two characteristics. Ex. Resistance to penicillinase (nafcillin, methicillin, oxacillin...)
greater activity to gram - bacteria (ampicillin, amoxacillin, carbenicillin, ticarcillin...) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resistant to penicillinase (naturally) and therefore more active to gram - bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
active against gram + bacteria and primarily used as a topical
agent for treating cuts and scrapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
active ONLY against gram + bacteria. quite often this is the
drug of last resort |
|
|
Term
| Inhibition of protein synthesis: acts on __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
broad spectrum- has one drawback that limits it's use and
that is bone marrow toxicity- if you are on it for too long or take too high a
dose then it will affect RBC production and the person will become anemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
group of anitbiotics that includes gentamicin, streptomycin,
tobramycin...) tend to be more active against gram -, but they have some toxic effects too: nerphrotoxicity (damage to the kidneys). its reversible if they come off the antibiotic. Permeant auditory loss can occur too. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effective against gram - and gram +. one of the few antibiotics that can penetrate inside of a cell to treat intracellular bacteria like chlymadia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
active against primarily gram + bacteria. It is used as a
substitute for Pen if a person is sensitive to Pen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Operates by Inhibition of RNA synthesis.narrow spectrum drug. used primarily in treating TB and leprosy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nalidixic acid:Operates by inhibition of DNA synthesis. narrow spectrum drug- used primarily in treating
UTIs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Operates by inhibition of DNA synthesis. broad spectrum drug- (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin,
norfloxacin...) cipro used in 9/11 anthrax scare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Operates by Disrupting bacterial cytoplasmic membranes. active only against gram - bacteria. used as a topical, and can
treat bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics. used to treat burn wounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the manner in which disease develops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invasion or colonization of the body by pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a change in the state of health as a result of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the disease that can be spread from one person to another either directly or indirectly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease that is easily spread from one person to another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a disease that is not spread from person to person or from host to host. (ex. anthrax) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease that occurs only on occasion in a particular area(ex. thyphoid fever, Hepatitis A) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disease that naturally occurs within a population (ex.
common cold). A disease that occurs in a particular area (ex. valley fever). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease that effects many people in a given area in a short period of time (ex. Black Plague) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an epidemic that occurs worldwide (ex. AIDS). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an epidemic that occurs in a smaller area. |
|
|
Term
| acute disease (infection) |
|
Definition
| disease that develops quickly but lasts only a short period of time (unless it kills you) (ex. flu). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disease that develops slowly and lasts for long periods of
time (months maybe even years) (ex. TB, AIDS, Hep. B). |
|
|
Term
| latent disease (infection) |
|
Definition
| when the disease become silent (inactive) for a period of time, and can later become active and cause symptoms (ex herpese). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disease is localized to a small area of the body (abscess) |
|
|
Term
| systemic (generalized) infection |
|
Definition
disease is carried by the blood or
lymphatic system throughout the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microorganism is carried to a specific part of the body to
cause infection (meningitis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
presence of bacteria in the blood (-emia) (ex. septisemiabacteria
multiplying in the blood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
interval from when we are first exposed to the germ until we experience
our first symptom. can vary depending on the microorganism (few hours to
several years) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when you feel the initial mild symptoms of something. (sore throat, churning
tummy, cough, sinus headache...). usually brief (few min. to a few
hours...maybe a day). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when you are flat out sick. whatever is going to happen is happening. you
are experiencing the sign and symptoms of the disease. your body defenses
are now activated to fight the disease. continues until the defenses
overcome the pathogen or the pathogen overcomes the patient (or you get
medication). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the symptoms subside (you were not as sick as you were yesterday) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when you are over the illness, and the body is now regaining it's strength can stretch from a few hours to a few days depending on the disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thin outer portion of the skin that consists of several layers of
epithelial cells. The outer most layers consist of dead cells that contain waterproofing protein, keratin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick portion of the skin that consists mostly of connective tissue and its where you have the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands...all of which can act as potential entry ways for bacteria |
|
|
Term
because a person has rashes or lesions on the skin does not necessarily mean
that that person has a skin infection, it could be a sign of something more
localized like __
lesions are useful it identifying the disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small fluid filled lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raised red rash or lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raised lesion that contains puss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infection of the hair follicle (pimples) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of abcess (boil). localized region of puss that is surrounded
by inflamed tissue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when a furuncle spreads to neighboring tissue. a hard deep
inflammation of tissue beneath the skin. quite often there are signs of
generalized infection such as fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
characterized by thin walled vesicles that rupture
and then crust over. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs mostly in children under the age of 2. first appears as a lesion around the nose/mouth, then it quickly develops into a bright red area and spreads. 1-2 days later the skin peals off in layer (sheets) when it is touched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
potentially life threatening disease. clinical signs include fever, vomiting, sunburn-like rash, followed by shock. it was originally associated with staph contamination of tampons, esp. in women who don't
change them often enough...GROSE. only strains of staph that produce the
TSST-1 can cause this...what it does it initiates an extremely potent immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infects the dermal layer of the skin. causes a reddish patch with
raised margins. if not treated this infection can lead to localized tissue
destruction and blood stream invasion |
|
|
Term
| Impetigo- in toddlers and school aged children |
|
Definition
| characterized by thin walled vesicles that rupture and then crust over |
|
|
Term
| as a rule __ infections tend to be localized, but if the infection reaches deeper tissues the infection can be highly destructive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found everywhere (soil, in and on the body, water...)
usually associated with unclean pools, hot tubs, Jacuzzis, whirlpool baths...you
have a red skin rash that itches very much but it goes away in a few days (even
w/o treatment. **check the scum layer-if you see it don't get in it**
Acne- major cause is Propionibacterium acnes. some people have it so severe
they have to take antibiotics to treat it. |
|
|
Term
| Upper Respiratory tract infections |
|
Definition
Streptococcal Pharyngitis (strep throat)
Scarlet fever
Diphtheria (Corynebacterium dephtheriae) |
|
|
Term
| Streptococcal Pharyngitis |
|
Definition
(strep throat). caused by S. pyogenes. causes
only 5-10% of infection. the rest is mostly caused by viruses. symptoms are
local inflammation and fever. can be accompanied by tonsillitis. the lymph
nodes in the neck can become enlarged and tender. Untreated cases can
result in certain complications such as: otitis media (ear infection),
rheumatic fever. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by S. pyogenes, but only by strains that produce a
particular toxin (erythrogenic toxin). The toxin causes a pinkish red skin
rash, and high fever. The tongue develops a spotted, strawberry like,
appearance, and becomes enlarged. As the infection progresses, the infected
skin can peel off like a sunburn. Since the late 1800 the disease has declined
in frequency and severity. |
|
|
Term
| Diphtheria (Corynebacterium dephtheriae) |
|
Definition
Until the 1930's more
children died from diptheria than any other infection. it begins with a sore
throat and fever. It is followed by malaise and swelling of the neck.
Formation of grayish pseudomembrane that consists of dead cells, fibrin,
and bacteria. can almost close off the resp. tract. It also produces a powerful
exotoxin, cytotoxin that inhibits protein synthesis in the cell. If the
cytotoxin gets into the blood stream it can effect major organs like the
heart and kidneys, when this occurs the disease becomes rapidly fatal.
extremely rare. |
|
|
Term
| Lower respiratory tract infections |
|
Definition
Tuberculosis
Bacterial Pneumonia
Influenza |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
causes by inhalation of droplet nuclei. Bacteria are usually
killed by lung macrophages in healthy persons. Sometimes a few bacteria
may survive. In this case the body will respond by isolating the bacteria
inside a walled lesion called a tubercle. it then becomes calcified to further trap the bacteria. you see the tubercle on the x-ray. At this person the
person could have no symptoms and at no risk of passing it on. If the
tubercle fails to contain the bacteria or the tubercle breaks down the
person has a risk of spreading it to others.
Symptoms: coughing (up blood), weight loss, night sweats, loss of energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most commonly caused by Strep. pneumoniae. no
matter what causes it symptoms are the same: high fever, breathing difficulty,
chest pain. As a rule these symptoms are more severe in bacterial vs viral
pneumonia. in bacterial pneumonia 25% of the patients also have or will
develop bacteremia (bacteria enters the blood stream). In these patients,
the alvoli in the lung will fill with fluid and WBC, and RBC. they look hazy in
x-ray. patients will be coughing up sputum (flem)...rust color. the nastier
looking it is...the more likely it's bacteria. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by an enveloped RNA virus. the envelop contains 2
proteins:Hemaglvtanin (H) and Nevraminidase (N), these are the basis of
the serotyping of the flue strain. RNA divided into 7 segments. You need a
vaccine every year because of antigenic drift which are very subtle
mutations that occur in the virus. this years H1N1 is just a little different
that last years H1N1...and the antibodies for last years mutation are
different than this years antibodies. Antigenic Shift- occurs when a person is
infected with 2 strains of flu at the same time. Causes deadly flu pandemic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacterial Meningitis
Tetanus
Botulism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infection of the meninges- connective tissue that covers
the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms: fever, headache, stiff neck, followed by
nausea and vomiting...if not treated they can progress to coma and
convulsions, and lead to death. a wide variety of bacteria can cause meningitis.
70% of cases are caused by 3 bacteria: Hemophilus infulenzae, Neisseria
meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae...tend to cause meningitis is particular
age groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| children under the age of 4 for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
children under the
age of 2 and young adults (like us) for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
children under the
age of 4 and the elderly for |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usually food borne (particularly associated with unpasturized
dairy products and raw dairy meat). If you are very young, old, or have a
weakened immune system they can get into the bloodstream and attack the
CNS. If you are pregnant and it gets into your bloodstream, it can cross the
placenta resulting in stillbirth, premature delivery, or baby born with
widespread internal infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria is found in the soil and it's acquired when a wound becomes contaminated with soil that contains the spores. Inside the
body the spores germinate, the bacteria produce a very potent neurotoxin, it
enters the CNS by means of the peripheral nerves. The neurotoxin causes
muscle spasms by inhibiting nerve relaxation. muscle spasms can be severe
enough to break bones. the jaw muscle is often effected causing lock jaw...one
of the first signs of tetanus. from there it can spread to the rest of the body. If
not given antitoxin you die from respiratory failure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacterium found in the soil. three main forms: food
botulism, infant botulism, and wound botulism. food: improper uncanning of
food. causes flaccid paralysis: you can move, but its very difficult. when you feed
infants honey. only treatment is to take antitoxin. it binds the toxin that has not
yet reached the nervous system, but wont correct any damage that has already
been done. almost already fatal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Poliomyelitis- polio
Rabies
Viral encephalitis
Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polio is contaminated by ingestion of contaminated food/water
(Fecal-oral ingestion). Most of the non-vaccinated people who ingest the virus
will have no/mild symptoms (headache, nausea...)less that 1% of vaccinated
people will develop polio. virus gets into the bloodstream and makes its way to
the CNS where they will infect motor nerve cells (found in the upper spinal
cord). The infected cells will eventually die and that causes paralysis. Death can
result from respiratory failure. Starting to be eliminated world-wide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
usually acquired from the bite of an infected animal. the virus
replicated at the bitten area for days to months and then enters the peripheral
nerves and makes its way to the CNS. incubation period is usually 30-60 days,
but it can be much longer. when a person becomes infected he/she usually
alternates between periods of adgitiation/calm...the patient becomes
hydrophobic (can't drink liquid-because of muscle spasms), and death usually
results from extensive damage to the nerves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inflammation of the brain most of the virus that cause
encephalitis are transmitted by mosquitos (can be caused by herpes simplex
1--cold sores): St. Louis encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, Western
equine encephalitis, LaCross encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis...infection
highest in summer and early fall. symptoms: no/mild (flu like-headache, chills,
feaver)...mental confusion, and coma...no treatment...if they survive they will
often have damage to the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) |
|
Definition
Naegleria fowleri- very rare
infection...virtually 100% fatal. Naegleria is a free living amoebia that lives in
warm slow moving fresh water (un-chlorinated water). if any of the water gets
up your nose containes this it will work its way up your sinus cavity and attach to the brain. they will come down with classic meningitis symptoms...by the
time they figure out whats wrong the patient is dead. |
|
|
Term
| Cardiovascular Infections |
|
Definition
Sepsis and septic shock
Bacterial Endocarditis
Rheumatic Fever
Anthrax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bacteremia- can occur quite often. in most cases body defenses clear it up.
When body defenses fail, bacteria multiply in the blood reaching large
numbers. this can develop into __ or __ (interchangeable terms). when this happens, unless the bacteria are brought under control,
the patients condition can worsen especially if there is lysis of the RBC. and
can the patients condition can deteriorate resulting in death. __ is the first stage of this progression. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
body wide inflammation, fever, chills, rapid heart rate, and rapid
breathing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when septis begins to cause a drop in blood pressure, and failure of at least
one organ the condition is now referred to as __ __. when you are
beginning to have organ failure there is a high mortality rate and something
needs to be done quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the final stage of severe septsis where the blood pressure begins to drop uncontrollably it
is known as __ __. from this point progression to the lethal stage can
be quite rapid. |
|
|
Term
| Subacute- bacterial endocarditis |
|
Definition
__-__ __ develops slowly. its characterized by fever,
general weakness, and a heart murmur. caused by a non-pathogenic bacteria
like the normal flora growing in your mouth, S. viridans. only occurs in
people with a preexisting heart defect (lesion, congenital heart defect,
rheumatic fever.)-bacteria become lodged in these lesions and multiply and
blood clots form around these lesions. As the bacteria multiply the clot gets
larger and some of it breaks off and attacks other organs. some cases are
fatal within months. |
|
|
Term
| Acute-bacterial endocarditis |
|
Definition
__-__ __Most cases are caused by S. aureus. It develops quickly and can affect
a normal as well as abnormal heart valves. (don't need a preexisting
condition). if not treated it can be fatal within in days. treatment requires
prolonged antibiotic treatment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
__ __ autoimmune disease that's caused by Strep. pyogenes. if you have a strep
infection (like strep throat) the body respond by making antibodies.
unfortunately these antigens against the strep may cross attack the heart
valves and other body sites. sometimes you can get enough damage to the
heart valves to cause heart failure and death. We are also more at risk for getting subacute bacterial endocarditis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
caused by bacillis anthracis. found in the soil and it infects mainly grazing
animals (sheep, cattle). can get it cutaneous, if you have a cut,wound on the
skin and the bacteria get in the skin. normally causes a localized infection
but sometimes it can get into the bloodstream where it becomes sterious.
Inhalation, breathe in the spores. develops into the pneumonia that is rapidly
fatal. Ingestion, eat raw meat that has been infected. hemoraging in the GI
tract. |
|
|
Term
| grows faster than it is killed |
|
Definition
| the Anthrax bacteria will grow in the blood stream very rapidly, it is an example of bacteria that__ __ __ __ __ __. blood is black (coal) when the sample is taken. then you die. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ingest the microorganisms takes at least a day to get sick. usually take 18-36 hours of incubation period before you get sick. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Is where you ingest the performed toxin
-Characterized by sudden onset of symptoms within a few hours of digesting the toxins (sick same day)
- 4-6 hours your get sick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *Both infection and intoxication can cause __ accompanied by abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting |
|
|
Term
| Staphylococcal Food Poisoning |
|
Definition
| (Staph. Aureus) Inhabit our nose. Can be wiped on our hands and contaminate food. If food is not refrigerated bacteria grow in food entero toxin. depends on the amt ingested. Symptoms start 1-6 hours after eating contaminated food. symptoms: nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps. Normally only lasts 24 hours ( a day) |
|
|
Term
| Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) |
|
Definition
| Caused by shigella. No animal reservoirs. Only in people. Shigellosis is a disease of poor hygiene. Only need 10-100 bacteria to get sick (very pathogenic). Invades epithelial tissue cells in large intestine. Multiplies (intracellular) primarily in the large intestine. Cause lacerations in the lg intestine. Produces shiga toxin. Same toxin as Ecoli. 0157. Shiga toxin is a cytotoxin and is what causes the lacerations in the lg intestine. Symptoms: Frequent bowel movements, containing blood or mucous, abdominal pain, fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Can contaminate any food or drink we consume. Bacteria invades the mucosa of the small intestine. will get sick within 12-36 hours. Multiplies in the intestinal epithelial cells. Cells rupture and cause diarrhea. could possible lead into invasion of blood stream in people with weak immune. Infected by improperly cooked pork, eggs, snakes, turtles and lizards. Symptoms: Moderate fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea. More severe in very young and very old. not just contracted from ingestion but also handling raw meat, lizards, and not washing hands afterward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (vibrio cholera E. coli 01 & 0139): Acquired by ingestion of contaminated water or improperly cooked seafood. major pandemics, infected people in Hati after earthquake b/c of living conditions- poor hygiene. Once ingested bacteria colonize the small intestine and produce cholera toxin. Cholera toxin is an enterotoxin Causes secretions of massive amounts of water and electrolytes into the intestinal tract, resulting in a watery diarrhea. Symptoms: Profuse watery diarrhea , mucous in stool resembling rice. Unless fluid is replaced can go into shock within hours. Can lose 3 gallons of water a day. Less than 1% fatality rate if treated (by rehydrating). 10% fatality rate if untreated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nick names Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli, Shiga toxigenic E coli, Verotoxigenic E. Coli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (identical to shigellosis). Main contamination comes from ground beef cooked rare or medium. Found in bean sprouts, spinach, apple cider, outbreak in water park. Once ingested it produces cyto toxin shigella. Symptoms: Regular diarrhea, 10% or less causes bloody direaha (more blood then stool). 10% or less cases the toxin can get into the blood stream and infect the kidneys. Causes hemolytic uremic syndrome (blood in urine) Especially true in young children, can lead to kidney failure and death (most children who die from ECOLI die from kidney failure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(G. Intestinalis): Most common intestinal parasite in the U.S..Disease of poor hygiene. Often caused by campers drinking mountain water ( b/c beavers carry it and live in H20. Only need 10-100 cysts to get sick. Common at urban daycare centers
Symptoms: Prolonged diarrhea that can last for weeks if untreated, malaise, nausea, flatulence, abdominal cramps, stinky/greasy stool-b/c body can not absorb lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most common cause of water born GI illness in the U.S..Resistant to chlorination. Only need to drink 100 to get sick, found it’s way into other foods and drinks. Symptoms: Cholera type diarrhea that can last 10-14 days. In immune compromised it can last much longer and be potentially life threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major cause of viral enteritis and GI infection in infants and young children. Transmitted by the fecal oral route. Affects and damages intestinal epithelia cells which results in watery diarrhea within 48 hours |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (used to be called Norwalk Virus): Responsible for about half of all outbreaks of non-bacterial GI infections. Primarily affects older children and adults. Outbreaks occur at schools, camps, cruise ships and nursing homes (anywhere people are in close quarters). Characterized by 1-2 days of diarrhea or vomiting or both |
|
|
