Term
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Definition
the notion that living organisms can arise from nonliving material. For several centuries this was accepted as fact. Example if
you took a hair from a horses head and put it into a jar and it turned into an
eel. |
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Term
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Definition
formed the first experiment to disprove spontaneous generation. He took 3 jars of meat and left 1 jar open. A few days later he
noticed maggots in the jar (normal). 1 jar was sealed with paper and he
noticed no maggots in this jar. 1 jar was covered with gauze and he noticed
flies on the gauze and then a day or two later maggots on the gauze. This was a revolution in the 1600's. |
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Term
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Definition
invented the microscope. One of the
first things he looked at under was a thin piece of cork. He said that the tiny
compartments looked like cells (honeycomb or monastery) a word which we obviously still use today. |
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Term
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Definition
1st to see microorganisms. He looked at a
drop of pond water on a microscope similar to that of Hooke's. He noticed
small organisms "Animalicules". he gave detailed descriptions and drawings of
what he saw. |
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Term
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Definition
disproved the notion of spontaneous generation once and for all.
He made flasks into strange shapes so that the ends were open, but no outside
air could flow inside. Nothing grew inside these flasks. Therefore because no
outside "air" or "particles" could get inside the flask, nothing could grow inside,and spontaneous generation does not exist. |
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Term
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Definition
1st person to show that a disease can be caused by microorganisms. He did it with silk worms. Silk worms were stricken with an
epidemic that were killing them off, he found out it was caused by a
microorganism. |
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Term
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Definition
He notices that women giving
birth in a particular ward of the hospital came down with a disease called "puerpural fever" (childbirth fever), at a rate 20 times higher than any other ward or any other place in the city. In this ward you had intern working, and they were also performing autopsy. The doctor had them was their hands before each delivery, and the percentage rate dropped dramatically. |
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Term
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Definition
Reasoned that microorganisms were causing the infection. Before preforming surgery, he applied phenol to the skin and then had a
phenol mist in the air above the patient. The incidents of infection in his patients dropped significantly. He introduced a concept of antisepsis. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st person to prove that microorganisms can cause human disease. He did it with anthrax, found the bacteria that causes Tuberculosis, and went on to develop a solid culture media made of Agar. |
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Term
Koch's postulates: criteria he used to say a disease is caused by a
microorganism. |
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Definition
1.) Microbe must be present in all cases of disease and absent in healthy
persons.
2.)Microbe must be isolated from patient and grown in pure culture.
3.)Animals infected with culture must develop the same disease.
4.) Same microbe must be recovered from diseased animals |
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Term
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Definition
| father of medical microbiology |
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Term
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Definition
there was a small pox epidemic occurring in England. He noticed that milk maids who previously had cowpox did not get small pox. He
wondered where was the connection between cowpox and small pox. So he
took the fluid from the cowpox lesion and injected it into a boy and then
about a week later took the fluid from a small pox lesion and gave it to the
same boy. The boy did not get small pox. He published his findings, and for a hundred years this was the only preventable disease |
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Term
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Definition
was studying a bacteria that causes chicken cholera(deadly disease in poultry). He would inject chicken with the bacteria and
watch them get sick and die. He realized that the only culture of bacteria that he had was an old culture. He assumed that this old culture was attenuated, or lost its ability to cause disease. So he prepared a fresh culture and gave the
new culture to fresh chickens as well as chickens that had been given the
attenuated culture. The ones that were received the attenuated culture
previous did not get sick or die. |
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Term
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Definition
known as the Father of Chemo therapy. Significant because he found that there were chemicals that can be used to treat diseases,He was convinced that somewhere there was a chemical that
could kill germs without killing the animal. He found Salvarsan -syphilis - the first disease that could be treated and cured. Unfortunately it
only worked for syphilis. He set out to find more. 2nd - Arsenophenylglycine-
African Sleeping Sickness (only). |
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Term
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Definition
Tested a dye known as Prontosil red (used to stain leather).
Significant because it was used to treat a variety of infections. It was later
determined that this dye was metabolized into sulfanilamide (its natural form)
after it was used. Sulfur antibiotic which we took advantage of in WWII
prevented lots of infections and death because of infections. |
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Term
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Definition
Accidentally discovered Penicillin. He was growing bacteria and his bacteria was contaminated by a mold. He noticed that none of the bacteria was growing anywhere near the mold. The mold that was growing
near the bacterium was Penicillium notatum. He did a little bit of work with the mold, but didn't think anything would come out of it so he abandoned the study. |
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Term
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Definition
decided to take another to look at the Penicillium
notatum. They purified the Penicillium, and gave it to mice that had infection,
and they were treated of their infection. Their work was published and it was
one of the major discoveries of the 20th century. We now have a way to cure
infection. Start of antibiotic therapy |
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Term
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Definition
forms a dark image against a bright
background. the cell will be a little bit darker than the background. Cell bend some of the light away from objective and will be darker than the background |
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Term
| objectives (Bright-field) |
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Definition
10x-low power
40x-high power
100x-oil immersion-channels more light to 100x objective
the higher magnification the more light you need to see the cells. The higher the magnification the smaller the field of vision |
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Term
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Definition
| Wet Prep and Stained Prep |
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Term
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Definition
| put a drop of whatever contains the microorganism(s), and put a cover slip on it. For observing living microbes. Drawback- poor contrast between cells and background |
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Term
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Definition
| adding a die to the cells to make them more visible. To do this cells must be fixed to the slide so that they are not washed off during the staining process. advantage is you can see them more clearly. Drawback- The fixation process also kills the cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Simple Stain and a Differential Stain |
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Term
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Definition
add a dye to the cells, and everything on that slide will stain
the same color. |
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Term
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Definition
| some cells will stain one color, and other cells will stain a different color. Two most commonly used are the Gram stain and Acidfast stain |
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Term
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Definition
Pre. Put bacteria on slide and Let it dry
1. Heat-fix bacteria on slide
2. Crystal violet
3. Add Gram iodine
4. Decolorize with alcohol-this removes color from some bacteria...but not all (timing is crucial here)
5. Safranin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Chemical (alcohol, formaldehyde, ect.)
Heat(pass the slide through the flame of a bunsen burner) |
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Term
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Definition
| used primarily for staining mycobacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Blue (most stain this color) |
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Term
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Definition
| the only light that reaches the objective is the light that passes through the cell |
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Term
| Phase contrast Microscopy |
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Definition
different parts of the cell will refract light at
different angles. You can look at a living cell and see more of it's internal structures while it's alive. |
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Term
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Definition
| uses UV light rather than visible light. The cell/bacteria are stained with a fluorescent die and will glow in the UV light. Drawback to all of these types is that they can only magnify 1000X and no more. |
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Term
| two types of electron microscopes |
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Definition
| transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope |
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Term
| transmission electron microscope |
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Definition
focuses electrons on a cross section of
material. can use it to look at the internal structure of the cell in great detail |
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Term
| scanning electron microscope |
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Definition
| focuses electrons on the surface of the cell/object you are looking (giving a 3D image) |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Algae, Fungi, and Protozoa |
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Term
| differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
nuclear envelope present in eukaryotic cells only cytoplasmic organelles present in eukaryotic cells only
ribosomes present in eukaryotic (80s) and prokaryotic (70s) cells (different
types) |
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Term
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Definition
thick layer of polysaccharide. not present in all bacteria. Important for
pathogenic bacteria because it protects against phagocytosis by white blood cells. Important because if they loose the ability to form a glycocalyx they loose their ability to cause an infection and therefore are attenuated. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| is poorly organized and when you grow the bacteria in the culture media they quickly loose the __ __. |
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Term
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Definition
better organized and when you grow in culture media they retain
the ability to form the capsule for longer period of time. Can be quite thick in some bacteria |
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Term
| Nuclear Envelope is made up of three layers |
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Definition
| Glycocalyx, Bacterial Cell Wall, and Cell Membrane |
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Term
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Definition
Rigid. determines size and shape (rod, coccus...) of bacterial cell;
maintains osmotic pressure inside the cell. Penicillin weakness cell walls and it lyses open (dyes). |
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Term
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Definition
Main component of cell wall. Consists of N-acetylglucosamine
and N-acetylmuramic acid arranged in very long chains. These chains form a mesh like network (parallel to each other)which is the bacterial cell wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| has a peptide side chain.This is important because another peptide side chain links (interbridge/side chain-consisting of 5 glycines) that link the side chains together. Crosslinks form linkages between strands of peptidoglycan (making it meshlike. Penicillin blocks formation of these crosslinks |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by having a thick layer of peptidoglycan Teichoic Acid |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by having a thin layer of peptidoglycan. Outer Membrane: has two layers like a regular membrane, but with a significant difference
inner layer is mainly phospholipids
outer layer is mainly lipopolysaccharide. more sever b/c it has an extra layer of protection that makes it more resistant to infection and treatment |
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Term
| Acidfast Positive cell walls |
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Definition
have a very high lipid content (up to 60%)the major lipid is mycolic acid-only acidfast positive cells have this in their cell
walls...have a very waxy cell walls
are very resistant to dry conditions, antibiotics, disinfectants |
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Term
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Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
very fluid. Regulates what goes in and out of the bacterial cell |
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Term
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Definition
| function in attachment to host tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| function for motility (rotation) |
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Term
| flagella rotating clockwise |
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Definition
flagella work independently. Bacteria moves in no particular
direction. Going all over the place, but no place in particular. (tumbling
motility) |
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Term
| Flagella rotating counterclockwise |
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Definition
flagella work in unison to propel bacterial cell in definite
direction (chemotaxis) (ex. toward something it needs or away from
something harmful) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
small DNA molecule that is separate from the bacterial DNA.
important for 2 reasons:
1) often contain genes for bacterial virulence
2) may have genes for antibiotic resistance |
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Term
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Definition
not a means of reproduction, but a dormant form of the
bacteria... a form of survival under conditions that do not support bacterial growth. Resistant to dryness, all antibiotics, and most disinfectants. Can also survive
boiling quite well |
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Term
| 4 main mechanisms of transporting |
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Definition
| Passive Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Active Transport, and Group Translocation |
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Term
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Definition
diffusion- movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to
an area of low concentration
continues until the molecules are evenly distributed. passive- does not require energy or a transport or carrier protein
Osmosis- diffusion of water across a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
like passive (high conc. outside to low conc. inside)
needs the help of transporter proteins/channel proteins
protein that is isn the cell membrane. more rapid and more efficient...recognizes a specific molecule |
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Term
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Definition
movement of molecules from an area of low conc. outside the cell to and
area of high conc. inside the cell.
requires ATP and a transporter protein |
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Term
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Definition
like active (low conc. to high) and requires ATP and a transporter protein
EXCEPT the molecule is modified during transport...so by the time it
enters the cell it is a different molecule |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial Growth Curve Phases |
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Definition
1)Lag Phase
2)Log Phase
3)Stationary Phase
4)Death Phase |
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Term
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Definition
initial period of no growth period of adjustment for the bacteria...gearing up for cell division (making all
the proteins and enzymes needed for cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| period of active bacterial growth sharp increases in the number of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
plateau still some division in this phase, but the degree of division = the amount of death.
-depletion of nutrients
-build up of toxic metabolic products
we have reached a point where conditions no longer favor bacterial growth, so bacteria that can produce produce spores will be produced in stationary phase |
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Term
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Definition
| Sharp period of decline in bacterial growth |
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Term
| Environmental factors that affect environmental growth |
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Definition
Temperature
pH
Oxygen
Osmotic Pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| All bacteria have an optimum __ and __ |
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Term
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Definition
| grow best at cold temps (5-15oC) |
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Term
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Definition
| grow best at room temps (20-40oC)-most human pathogens we get a fever to kill (or at least slow down) the growth of the germs. |
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Term
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Definition
grow best at warm temp (50 degrees or hotter)- grow in our
hot water tank |
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Term
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Definition
grow best at or above boiling point-thermal vents, hot
springs |
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Term
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Definition
| prefer acidic conditions (5 or less) |
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Term
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Definition
| prefer neutral conditions (~7) |
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Term
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Definition
| prefer basic conditions (9 or higher) |
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Term
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Definition
| must have oxygen in order to grow |
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Term
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Definition
| can not grow in the presence of oxygen. Consequence of oxygen metabolism= oxygen radicals H2O2, O2(superoxide), OH(hydroxy radical)-potentially toxic because they are potent oxidizing agents (they will react with anything they come into contact with causing damage to those components...we have enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase)that will neutralize these before damage is done). Obligate Anaerobes do NOT have superoxide dismutase and therefore CANNOT grow in the presence of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| can grow in the presence of or without oxygen (alot of human pathogens belong in this group) |
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Term
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Definition
| prefer a somewhat salty environment (bacteria that grow in ocean water/salt water) |
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Term
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Definition
prefer a VERY salty environment (bacteria that grow in
the Dead Sea, a can of salted fish, or the country ham)--can't cause infection
because our body isn't salt enough |
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Term
| Bacterial Metabolism (Glucose Metabolism) |
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Definition
all bacteria utilize glucose
it is the most abundant found in nature
Respiration is the projection of energy in the form of ATP.
all cells on the planet use ATP for energy
ATP -> ADP + Pi (breaking that bond releases energy for the process that is
needed) |
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Term
| Glucose metabolism involves 3 pathways: |
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Definition
1) gylcolysis - 2 ATP
2)TCA cycle (kreb's cycle)- 2 ATP
3) electron transport chain- 34 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
start with glucose -> 2 pyruvic acid, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
NADH-electron carrier
pyruvic acid-converted to acetyl CoA |
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Term
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Definition
Acetyl CoA -> CO2 + ATP + NADH + FADH2
*only have a complete cycle in aerobic condition (in the presence of oxygen) |
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Term
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Definition
most of NADH will go here
some will go where you need a H for other processes. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| O2 is final electron acceptor - much more efficient |
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Term
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Definition
inorganic compound is final electron acceptor (ex. nitrate
or sulfate) |
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Term
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Definition
| have to ETC, one for with O2 and on for without O2 |
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Term
| Fermentation (lactic acid/alcohol (ethyl) |
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Definition
| organic compound is final electron acceptor (w/o O2) |
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