mouth

pharynx

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

teeth

tongue

gall bladder

salivary glands

liver

pancreas

stomach

small intestines

100 billion

40%

Streptococcus mutans

need both glucose and fructose (sucrose) for bacteria to damage tooth enamel

Gingivitis

(gingivae)

Bad Breath

VSC (Volatile sulfur compounds)

hydrogen sulfide smells like___.

methyl mercaptan smells like___.

dimethyl sulfide smells like___.

bacteria that produce metabolic wastes containing sulfur

rotten eggs

barnyards

the ocean

Compounds Associated with bad breath:

1. The smell associated with corpses
2. foul odor of decaying meat
3. smell of human fecal matter
4. smell of sweaty feet

1. Cadaverine
2. Putrescine
3. Skatole
4. Isovaleric acid

surface of the tongue

some can live below the gum line

Categories of diseases:

this type is characterized by delay between infection and symptoms; usually fever

Categories of diseases:

this type comes from ingestion of toxin; symptoms usually appear quickly within a few hours.

Common characteristics of bacterial diseases in lower digestive system are ____.

diarrhea

vomiting

cramps

Staphylococcal Food Poisoning

1. enterotoxin produced by ______
2. How many bacteria can cause illness?
3. Symptoms begin __hours after ingestion
4. Disappear within ___ hours

1. Staph. aureus
2. less than one million
3. 1-6 hours
4. 24 hours

Salmonellosis

1. How many species of Salmonella are pathogenic?
2. The incubation time is __ to __.
3. Characterized by ___, ___, and ___.
4. What kind of food are most susceptible to contamination?

1. All of them
2. 12 hours to 2 weeks
3. nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea
4. meat products

Salmonella typhi

Typhoid Fever

Typhoid Fever

1. What is incubation period?
2. Characterized by _____
3. T/F Recovered patients can be carriers.

1. 2 weeks
2. high fever of 104° F and continual headache
3. True

Bacillary Dysentery

Severe form of ___ caused by members of genus ____.

This is only found where?

Caused by very virulent exotoxin called ____.

Characterized by ____

Diarrhea;Shigella

Only found in human intestinal wall

severe diarrhea with blood and mucous, cramps, fever.

Cholera is caused by ____

Grows in ____ producing ____

Causes?

Can lose up to ___ liters of fluid each day

Vibrio cholerae

small intestines; enterotoxin

"rice water stools" due to masses of intestinal mucous, epithelia cells, and bacteri

12-20 liters

___ is found in salt water estuaries, requiring halophilic environment

causes what disease?

Vibrio parahaemolyticus

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis

1. caused by eating _____
2. Charaterized by _____
3. Incubation time is _____

1. shrimp and crabs infected with organism
2. abdominal pain, vomiting, burning stomach, watery stool
3. less than 24 hours

E. Coli

this strain produces enterotoxin that is most common of Traveler's Diarrhea and infant diarrhea?

this strain produces enterotoxin much like Shiga toxin; organisms penetrate intestinal lining causing inflammation and dysentery

Enterotoxigenic

Enteroinvasive

E. Coli

this strain can cause epidemic diarrhea among children

this strain causes disease by eating undercooked hamburger or raw milk. Cattle are suspected reservoir. Produce verotoxin that causes inflammation of colon.

Enteropathogenic

Enterrohemorrhagic

Clostridium perfringens

Where do most people get it?

What does it cause?

Mostly from meats contaminated with intestinal contents during slaughter

produce exotoxin that causes diarrhea and abdominal pain

Viral Diseases of Digestive System

1. Mumps is caused by ____
2. Targets what glands?
3. Characterized by ___
4. Transmitted how?

1. paramyxovirus
2. parotid glands (salivary glands) in neck
3. inflammation and painful swelling of glands; pain during swallowing; testis and ovaries can become inflamed
4. through respiratory secretions 

Hepatitis A

1. What is its genetic material?
2. What organs are affected?
3. How is it transmitted?
4. Mortality rate?

1. single stranded RNA virus
2. starts in intestinal tract, then spreads to liver, kidneys, and spleen
3. primarily through fecal-oral route
4. very low

Hepatitis B

1. What is genetic material?
2. How is it transmitted?
3. Easily detected?
4. Affects?
5. Mortality rate?

1. Double-stranded DNA virus
2. blood transfusions or other body fluids
3. no, most infections are subclinical
4. anorexia, low-grade fever, and joint pain
5. higher than HAV but still low

Hepatitis C

1. What is genetic material?
2. Easily detected?
3. Symptoms
4. How is it transmitted?

1. single stranded RNA
2. usually subclinical
3. similar to HBV; anorexia, fever, joint pain; damage liver
4. intravenous drug use, occupational exposure to blood, kidney disease, heterosexual activity

Hepatitis D

1. What is genetic material?
2. What other type does is accompany?
3. What type of transmission?
4. Fatality rate?

1. singel stranded RNA
2. HBV but more likely to cause liver damage
3. Parenteral transmission
4. several times greater than HBV

Hepatitis E

1. What is genetic material?
2. Where is it endemic to?
3. Does it cause chronic liver damage?
4. How is it transmitted?
5. Mortality rate?

1. single stranded RNA
2. areas with poor sanitation
3. No
4. fecal-oral transmission
5. high mortality rate in pregnant women

Viral Gastroenteritis

1. About 90% caused by __ or __.
2. Characterized by ____
3. Lasting how long?

1. rotavirus or Norwalk virus
2. low-grade fever, diarrhea, cramps, vomitting
3. 5-8 days

Protozoan Diseases of Digestive System

Giardiasis

1. caused by protozoan ____
2. Characterized by ____
3. resistant to  ____ in water

1. Giardia lamblia
2. long-term diarrhea, nausea, weakness, cramps, flatulence
3. chlorine

Protozoan Disease of the Digestive System

Amoebic dysentery

1. caused by what bacteria?
2. how is it spread?
3. characterized by ______

1. Entamoeba histolytica
2. spread by food and water contamination
3. severe dysentery with blood and mucous; intestinal wall may perforate

Protozoan Disease of the Digestive System

Amoebic dysentery

1. caused by what bacteria?
2. how is it spread?
3. characterized by ______

1. Entamoeba histolytica
2. spread by food and water contamination
3. severe dysentery with blood and mucous; intestinal wall may perforate

Protozoan Disease of the Digestive system

Cryptosporidiosis

1. Causes?
2. Transmission?
3. Where is it sometimes found?

1. intestinal distress in healthy people; immunosuppressed people can suffer life-threatening diarrhea lasting months
2. fecal-oral route
3. municipal water supplies

Tapeworm infestations

1. usually caused by ___ ____
2. usually acquired from ______
3. Can live in intestines for ____ years and reach length of _____ feet

1. Taenia saginata
2. undercooked meat containing larvae
3. 25 years; 18-20 feet

Trichinosis

1. caused by ______
2. where do the larvae develop in the host?
3. most commonly associated with what animals?
4. Symptoms include ______

1. Trichinella spiralis
2. in muscles
3. animals that eat garbage, like pork and wild animals like bear
4. fever, swelling around the eyes, GI upset, small hemorrhages under fingernails