Term
|
Definition
| Obligate Intracellular Parasites. Very small and must be looked at by electron microscope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double stranded and single stranded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Double stranded, + single stranded, - single stranded |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single polypeptide species. H2 bonded to neighboring nucleic acids to make global nucleic acid. Nucleocapsids = always have nucleic material. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 20 faces, several polypeptide species. Grouped as capsomers. H2 bonded but not to nucleic acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipid bilayer with glycoproteins encoded by virus and host membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Don't have an envelope, more stable, can move through GI system. Released when host cell dies. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More sensitive to environment and transmitted via droplet/respiratory, sexual, parenteral routes. Transported and inserted into host membrane, released as buds, and membrane gets weaker. Continues until membrane integrity fails. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Time from initial entry and assembly of progeny virion, usually not detectable. Not sick, just getting things into place. |
|
|
Term
| Exponential Growth Period |
|
Definition
| Number of progeny virus produced within the infected cell increases. Plateau with maximum production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attachment/Absorption, Penetration, Uncoating, Genome Replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attachment sites on virion bind to host cell receptor molecules. Host cell receptor molecules have tissue specificity. Viral adaptation: mutations allow for use of multiple receptor sites for binding. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endocytosis: Receptor mediated, invagination of endosome, virion released from vessel before lysosome attaches.
Membrane Fusion: Enveloped virus fuses with host membrane, goes right into cytoplasm, degradation risk. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually use host enzymes to accomplish. Prepares for nucleic acid replication. Part of Eclipse period. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Using host cell to aid in replication process, package into virions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the nucleus. Use host dependent RNA pol to make mRNA to make proteins and DNA pol to aid in replication.
Uses hosts enzymes.
DNA -host depend RNAp -> mRNA -> structural proteins
Viral DNA -host depend DNAp -> Viral DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the cytoplasm. Directly translated into single protein. Must make RDRP.
+ssRNA -> proteins + RDRP released by enzymes -- RDRP -> complimentary -ssRNA --amplification -> +ssRNA and proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the cytoplasm. Carries RDRP in the virion.
-ssRNA --RDRP -> +ssRNA -> mRNA -> -ssRNA, structural proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the cytoplasm. Segmented genome where each section codes for a polypeptide but host lacks enzymes to transcribe. Carries RDRP in the virion.
dsRNA --RDRP-> +ssRNA -> complimentary - strand (with +ssRNA makes dsRNA), and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the Cytoplasm. Uses reverse transcriptase and not RDRP!
+ssRNA --reverse transcriptase -> dsDNA --integrase -> integrated into genome --host dependent RNAp -> +ssRNA, proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tissue culture, hemaglutinin, western blot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Immunization, Anti-virals, Avoidance, Sanitation, Vector control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Inactivated -> killed, cannot cause infection
Attenuated -> possibility of becoming pathogenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hand washing, clean water, clean plumbing systems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abortive, persistant, latent, lytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Little effect on the cell and typically do not produce disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Virus reproduces but does not kill cells. Can create a carrier state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| No progeny but may integrate into host genome and cause alterations in the cell -> tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Viral progeny can cause death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B cell -> plasma cell -> Ag specific Ab
Neutralizes virus by interfering with one of the steps of proliferation
Causes lysis of cells to which the Ab is bound through complement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Generalized Inflammation (macrophage)
Natural killer cells
Cytokines (macrophage and T cells)
First line of defense. |
|
|
Term
| Non-Enveloped ssDNA and dsDNA viruses |
|
Definition
Replicate in nucleus using host dependent RNAp and DNAp
Parvovirus, Adenovirus, Papillomavirus, Polyomavirinae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Linear ssDNA
Icosahedral
Non-enveloped
Respiratory transmission
Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum)
Presence of Ab response = diagnosis
Smallest DNA virus |
|
|
Term
| Fifth Disease (Erythema Infectiosum) |
|
Definition
| Rash, arthritis, birth defects, hyrops fetaliz, miscarriage. Attacks heart, liver and bone marrow. Slap cheeked appearance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Linear dsDNA
Icosahedral
Non-enveloped
Droplet/direct inoculation transmission
URTI, Gastroenteritis, Conjunctivitis (Pharyngoconjunctival Fever and EKC - epidemic keratoconjunctivitis)
Immunity to serotype = lifelong (~50 serotypes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficult to differentiate from other respiratory infections including the flu. Many different serotypes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primarily infants and children
Diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Pharyngoconjunctival Fever |
|
Definition
Conjunctivitis.
Types 3 and 7
Concurrent or recent URTI
Keratitis in 30%
Mostly in children |
|
|
Term
| EKC (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis) |
|
Definition
Conjunctivitis
Types 8 and 19
Keratitis common in 80% and of long duration
More severe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Circular dsDNA
Icosahedral
Non-enveloped
Direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated surfaces
Preference for epi and mucosal cells with access/infection of the basal cell
Lateral spread
Cutaneous warts, Mucosal infections and malignancies
Squamous cell carcinomas, cervical carcinomas
Diagnosed by appearance of swabbings
Treatment: surgical removal, cyro, chemical removal OR use of antivirals that inhibit DNA syn or interferon boosters
Vaccination: Gardasil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Droplet transmission.
Have capability to produce tumors.
JCV (Jacob - Creutzfeldt Virus), BKV (BK virus, simliar to JCV) |
|
|
Term
| JCV (Jacob- Creutzfeldt Virus) |
|
Definition
| Progressive, multifocal, leukoencephalopathy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replicate in nucleus using host dependent RNAp and DNAp
Herpesviridae, Poxviridae, Hepadnaviridae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Linear dsDNA
Icosahedral
Enveloped
Tegument which encodes viral enzymes
Alpha -> HSV
Beta -> CMV
Gamma -> Lymphoproliferative group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
HSV Group
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV1 and HSV2)
Varicella Zoster Virus (VSV) |
|
|
Term
| Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-1, HSV-2) |
|
Definition
Direct contact with secretions or lesions
Rapid growth and replication
Cytocidal: kill host cells
May become latent in nerve ganglia (trigeminal or lumbar-sacral)
Vascular eruptions of affected area may be spread to a newborn during birth
Cold sores, genital herpes, infectious keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, ocular HSV
Treatment: antivirals to reduce duration, recurrence, pain and viral shed; most rupture/crust/heal within 7 days
**2nd most common cause of corneal blindness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lid vesicles
Complications: Follicular conjunctivitis, dendritic keratitis, iritis
Sequellae: Glaucoma |
|
|
Term
| Varicella Zoster Virus (VSV) |
|
Definition
Droplet transmission
Rapid growth and replication
Cytocidal: kill host cells
May become latent in nerve ganglia (trigeminal or dorsal root)
More concern in adults and immunocompromised -> risk of pneumonia, liver failure, encephalitis
Primary infection = varicella or chicken pox
Recurrent infection = Zoster, shingles
Ocular VZV
Antivirals
Attenuated vaccine, boosters available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Generalized illness
Followed by exanthem (rash)
Contagious for 1-2 days before pox appear
Macular eruptions that become vesicular then crust
Continued break outs up to 1 week |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Occurs due to latency in sensory ganglia
15% of those with VZV
Vesicles distributed over dermatome of the affected nerve root
Can develop lesions for up to 1 week which can take up to 2 weeks to resolve
Post-herpetic neuralgia (pain)
Immunocompromised may experience primary infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vesicles on face and lids
Periorbital edema
Pseudo-dendrites
Nummular keratitis: granular deposits onto the cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CMV group
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Human Herpesvirus 6 and 7 (HHV6 and HHV7) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid contact, organ transplant, blood transfusion, transplacental
Slower growth, longer replication cycle
Infected cells become enlarged and multinucleated
Frequently asymptomatic and common infection
Viral shed for months/latency
Primary infection in adulthood: Infectious Mononucleosis
Congenital: intrauterine infection
In immunocompromised: common opportunistic infection in AIDS, pneumonia, retinitis
Treatment: GCV IV or intraocular if chronic chorioretinitis; Cifovir if resistant, sometimes in conjunction with Foxcamet
Screen organ donors for viral DNA or proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When maternal first infection is during pregnancy the risk is greatest of symptomatic infection in the infant: hearing loss, chorioretinitis |
|
|
Term
| Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV6) and 7 (HHV7) |
|
Definition
Oral secretions
Slower growth, longer replication cycle
Infected cells become enlarged and multinucleated
Herpes 6: Roseola = baby measles = 6th disease
Recurrent with HIV: pneumonitis, encephalitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Baby Measles
6th Disease
In infants, high fever for 3-5 days and rash. Fever can lead to febrile seizures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pneumonitis, encephalitis
More severe because of combination of the 2 causes an increased rate and volume of cellular death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lymphoproliferative Group
Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Contact with saliva containing virus
Infects B cells: induce cellular lymphokines, induce cell multiplication and increase cell life, polyclonal B cell proliferation, IgM Ab that clot sheep blood cells, cytotoxic T cell response to the B cells with their expressed Ag -> atypical lymphocytosis
Latency
In immunocompromised: T cell and B cell malignancies
Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, Nummular/infiltrative keratitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Linear dsDNA
No obvious symmetry, not icosahedral
Enveloped
Surface tubules
Variola (small pox), Vaccinia (cow pox), Molluscum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Respiratory transmission
Reservoirs in rats, don't have to be human to human transmission
Replication in HOST CYTOPLASM -> virus uses own enzymes
Cytocidal: rapid cell cycle = host cell death
Lymph drains the site and leads to viremia as the virus enters the blood stream
Multiplication causes more intense viremia
Characteristic rash with pustules that discharge the virus
Necrosis occurs leading to scarring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replication occurs in HOST CYTOPLASM -> virus uses it's own enzymes
May be a mutant of cow pox or variola
Similar in genetic material and thus variola can have cross immunity
Localized disease, initial lesion at a single site but can spread by scratching
Vaccination |
|
|
Term
| Vaccinia/Cow Pox Vaccination Complications |
|
Definition
Contamination at another site upon scratching vaccination site
Encephalitis
If unable to mount immune response, may lead to increased necrosis and death
In patients with eczema, a generalized form may develop
If a pregnant woman is inoculated, can have transplacental transmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replication in HOST CYTOPLASM uses it's own enzymes and not the hosts
Cytocidal
Viral infection of the skin
Waxy nodule on the lids
Associated with follicular conjunctivitis
Chemical cautery (don't lance!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Enveloped
Circular dsDNA
Icosahedral
Hepatovirus B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmission: bodily fluids -> highly infectious
Replicates through a RNA reverse transcriptase
Produces RNA then the enzyme, enzyme reversely transcribes the DNA for progeny
Produces an X protein which is expressed by infected cells
Leads to a cell mediated response by T cells
Acute and chronic, symptomatic and asymptomatic
Younger = greater risk of chronic
80% of infants infected = chronic
Hepatocellular carcinoma and cirrhosis
Serology determines if disease is acute or chronic |
|
|
Term
| Hepatovirus B Disease Process |
|
Definition
Incubation (4-12 days)
Pre-Icteric (up to one week): fever, malaise, nausea
Icteric: Jaundice
Convalescent/recovery (months) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
While HBV not directly causative, strong association - 80%
6:1 men > women
More frequent in areas where HVC is endemic (Africa) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Determines if disease is acute or chronic
Resolved Patient: no antigen, HBs and HBc antibody
Chronic Patient: both HBs and HBe antigen, only HBc antibody
Vaccinated patient: no antigen, only HBs antibody
Antigen: capsid = HBe, surface = HBs
Antibody: capsid = HBc, surface = HBs |
|
|
Term
| Non-enveloped ssRNA Viruses |
|
Definition
Replicate in cytoplasm, must make RDRP
Calciviridae, Picornaviridae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ssRNA
Icosahedral
Non-enveloped
Norwalk Virus, Hepatovirus E |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmission: Fecal-Oral
Epidemic Acute Gastroenteritis
Lesser pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmission: water-bone (fecal contam -> water supply -> shellfish -> oral)
Acute Disease
No antiviral Tx, no vaccine, lesser pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ssRNA
Icosahedral
Non-enveloped
Poliovirus, Coxsackievirus (enteroviruses)
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ingestion of food and water
Stable at low pH of stomach, replicate in GIT, shed in stool for weeks therefore easy to spread even if you feel better.
More than 70 serotypes
All can cause CNS disease -> acute aseptic meningitis
Poliovirus, coxsackievirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmission: fecal - oral
7-10 day incubation (95% asymptomatic, 4% abortive, 1% poliomyelitis)
Poliomyelitis (Non-paralytic -> aseptic meningitis or paralytic)
Salk (killed) or Sabin (attenuated) vaccine
Primary pathogens, third world disease
8-10 cases a year in US all by vaccine conversion or travel |
|
|
Term
| Non-Paralytic Poliomyelitis (Aseptic Meningitis) |
|
Definition
Rare
Back and neck stiffness
Lasts 2-10 days, fast recovery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lower motor neuron damage -> flaccid paralysis
Brainstem damage -> respiratory paralysis
Occurs if virus spreads along peripheral axons to CNS motor neurons
Intracellular replication in nerve cells not muscle, destroys cells
Permanent weakness in 2/3 of patients. Post poliomyelitis syndrome decades later. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enterovirus, rhiniocirus, hepatovirus, parechovirus/echovirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Apthovirus (food and mouth disease in cattle)
Cardiovirus (encephalitis and myocarditis in cattle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmission: fecal - oral
Group A: Herpangia, hand foot and mouth disease, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis
Group B: Pleuridynia, myocarditis, pericarditis, paralytic is mild and reversible
Primary pathogens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Droplet Transmission
>100 serotypes
**Acid labile -> unlike other enteroviruses, it can't survive in GIT, reproduce in nasal passages
Common cold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Water-borne Transmission (common in shellfish)
One serotype only -> Entero 72
Replicates in hepatocyte leading to liver dysfunction
Acute disease, persistant infection and chronic hepatitis is uncommon
Inactivated vaccine -> 99% effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replicate in Cytoplasm
Must make RDRP
Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Coronaviridae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ssRNA: 3 structural proteins
Icosahedral
Enveloped
Alphavirus, Rubivirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmission: Arbovirus (aka arthropod-borne) -> mosquito borne
Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis
Repellants: DEET, picardin, PMD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Transmission: Aerosol transmission
Incubate 2 weeks before infection. Infection occurs 1 week before and after the rash -> easy to spread without knowing
Mild in adults and children
German Measles
Live vaccination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primary Infection:
Maculopapular rash, malaise, febrile, lymphadenopathy
Fetal/Congenital:
Infection in first trimester leads to 80% incidence of sequellae
Classic Triad of Symptoms: Cataract, deafness, congenital heart defects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flavivirus and Hepatovirus C
Enveloped
+ssRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Icosahedral
Transmission: Arbovirus (arthropod-borne -> mosquito borne)
Over 1000 viruses
Big Four: Yellow Fever, Dengue Fever, St. Louis Encephalitis (from Culex mosquitoes), West Nile (most important in Illinois!)
Repellants: DEET, Picardin, PMD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Spherical Virus
Blood, IV, Sexual, Maternal Transmission
6 types
Viral replication occurs in the hepatocytes, lymphocytes, and macrophages
Most = sub-clinical
Acute Icterus (25%), Chronic Viremia (50%), possibly causes Sjogren's
No vaccine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tx with Interferon alpha and Ribavirin or liver transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
20% cirrhosis rate in chronic cases
20% liver failure rate in cirrhosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ssRNA
Enveloped
Helical
Spiked, pleomorphic viruses
Upper Respiratory Infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replicate in cytosol (except for Influenza) and have RDRP already
Nucleic acid is not infectious
Rhabdoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae, Arenaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Bunyaviridae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ssRNA
Helical
Enveloped
Lyssavirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bites or inhalation of bat droppings
Reservoirs in other mammals
Course of infection: local replication, travel along peripheral neurons, infects brain gray matter, travel along autonomic nerves, infects other tissues
6-8wk incubation
Rabies
Diagnosis: signs/symptoms, exposure, post-mortem negri bodies and biopsy with PCR
Quarantine
Pre-exposure = vaccination for high risk populations
Post-exposure = vaccine, immunoglobulin
Vets = high risk |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ssRNA
Helical
Enveloped
Rubulavirus, Morbilliviris, Pneumovirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two proteins: H (Hemaglutinin/Neuraminidase) and F (Fusion)
Mumps
Live attenuated vaccine (MMR) -> lifelong immunity
Parainfluenza types 1 and 3 -> URTI
Rubulavirus -> mumps
Morbillivirus -> measles
RSV -> Croup, bronchiolitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hallucinations
Seizures
Hydrophobia -> water avoidance secondary to painful swallowing
100% mortality once Sx/Sn ensue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1/3 are sublinical
Salivary involvement
Can also attach CNS, pancreas, testes (may cause sterility) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hemaglutinin protein only
Droplet transmission
Measles, Prodrome
Ab titer, Koplik spots = diagnosis
Live attentuated vaccine (MMR) -> lifelong immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Almost all infected get sick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fever, URTI, Conjunctivitis, head to toe rash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Two proteins: H and F (hemaglutinin/neuraminidase and fusion)
Droplet transmission (highly contagious)
Bronchiolitis and Croup
Repeat infections are common!
Ab titer and/or Ag in sputum
Avoidance and hand washing
Major viral respiratory pathogen in children
Most important cause of bronchiolitis in infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Major viral respiratory pathogen in children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficulty breathing with loud cough |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ssRNA
Helical
Enveloped
Pleomorphic
Filamentous
Marburg and Ebola Viruses |
|
|
Term
| Marburg and Ebola Viruses |
|
Definition
Reservoir unknown
Marburg Virus
Ebola virus (hemorrhagic fevers)
>50% mortality rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ssRNA
Helical
Enveloped
Arenavirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rodent infections via: aerosol transmission/contaminated food or soil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Helical Enveloped
Influenza, Avian Flu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
***Nucleus replication
Cap snatching: does not code its own end sequences but steals them from the host
Subtypes A and B
Variable viruses
Influenza (fever/chills, myalgia, somnolescence, 4-5days)
Complications: pneumonia, Reyes syndrome (ASA admin in children) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Random mutations that are usually insignificant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reassortment that makes new subtype A variant, responsible for epidemics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Not human to human, usually occurs in close proximity to birds
If shift or reassortment occurs, could lead to epidemic/pandemic
Drugs to stop uncoating and/or replication
Subtype specific vaccinations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Helical
Enveloped
Bunyavirus, Hantavirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Arbovirus (arthropod-borne/mosquitoes) transmission
California Encephalitis
LaCross (hemorrhagic fever) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rodent feces
Hantaan (hemorrhagic fever)
Pulmonary diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| Non-Enveloped dsRNA Viruses |
|
Definition
Replicate in cytosol, has all necessary enzymes
Reoviridae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dsRNA
Icosahedral
Spherical
Non-enveloped
Rotavirus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fecal - oral transmission
Cytoplasm replication -> contains all enzymes needed to make +RNA
7 serogroups (A-G) -> A causes disease in humans
Seasonal infection (Jan-Mar)
Infects jejunum epi cells
Incubation <48 hours
Vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration
Vaccination for infants
90% of children have Abs by age 4 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Replicate in cytoplasm using reverse transcriptase
Retroviridae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+ssRNA
Icosahedral
Enveloped
Lentivirus (Human Immuno Deficiency Virus)
Lentivirus (Human T Cell Leukemia Virus) |
|
|
Term
| Lentivirus -> Human Immuno Deficiency Virus |
|
Definition
Reverse Transcriptase
RNA serves as template for DNA synthesis instead of vice versa
Latent Period: CD4 > 200: body able to keep up with virus production, illnesses are non-specific, diarrhea/weight loss/fever/zoster/candida
AIDS
End Stage Disease
Treatment: HAART |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CD4 <200 and defining illnesses
Candidisis, cervical cancer, CMV, encephalopathy, HSV 1, Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma, mycobacterium, pneumocystis carinil pneumonia, recurrent pneumonia, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, toxoplasmosis of brain, wasting syndrome
Release of mature virions results in T cell death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Macrophages are killed more slowly and spread the virus to other tissues -> encephalopathy-retinal ischemia
Release of cytokines contributes to muscle wasting
HHV6 coinfection causes an increase in HIV production
Variants appear that are more aggressive/virulent |
|
|
Term
| HAART - Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy |
|
Definition
Nucleoside analogs reverse transcriptase inhibitors: insertion of nucleoside analog causing chain termination, many serious side ffects
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: fewer side effects but faster resistance
Protease inhibitors: form infectious virions. resistance in single therapy. distorts fat and sugar metabolism.
Viral infusion inhibition: blocks virus binding |
|
|
Term
| Lentivirus -> Human T Cell Leukemia Virus |
|
Definition
Oncogenic
HTLV-1: Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL)
HTLV-2: Hairy Cell Leukemia
Highly variable distribution
Chemotherapy is highly successful
Experimental vaccines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy |
|
|
Term
| Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy |
|
Definition
Fibrillar proteins
No detectable nucleic acids
Resistant to degradation
Infection related to structure
Animal feed
Diseased meats and byproducts
Extensive incubation period
Accumulation of diseased proteins that form fibers and start to invate the gray matter and distort neurons
Progressive dementia
Mad Cow Diease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD), Kuru
Hard to kill
Fatal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Consumption of processed animal parts causing transmission to cattle |
|
|
Term
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) |
|
Definition
| Human disease from consumption of contaminated meat or medical appliances |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Human to human Tribal disease from direct consumption of human brains |
|
|
