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Microbiology Virology minimals 2012
Microbiology Virology minimals
62
Microbiology
Not Applicable
04/21/2012

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Term
Which virus family is characterized by a single-stranded DNA genome?
Definition
Parvoviridae
Term
Which virus family is characterized by a double-stranded RNA genome?
Definition
Reoviridae
Term
Which viruses are susceptible to acyclovir? What is the mechanism of effect of the drug?
Definition
alpha herpesviruses – HSV1, HSV2, VZV; inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase and DNA chain terminator
Term
Explain why acyclovir is selectively toxic to cells infected by alpha-herpesviruses!
Definition
These viruses encode their own thymidine kinase enzymes, which are needed for activation (phosphorylation) of the drug. Cellular thymidine kinase does not activate the drug.
Term
In which cells do Herpes simlex viruses establish latent infection?
Definition
Sensory ganglion cells (trigeminal or sacral ganglia)
Term
What is the possible, late complication (years after acute infection) of the childhood chickenpox?
Definition
Herpes zoster (shingles)
Term
What are the possible consequences of fetal infections caused by B19 parvovirus?
Definition
fetal death or hydrops fetalis
Term
Which isotype of antigen-specific immunoglobulins in the newborn's blood indicates a congenital infection?
Definition
IgM
Term
What diseases do cytomegalovirus cause in congenital infections?
Definition
cytomegalic inclusion disease – spontaneous abortion, CNS damage (deafness, blindness, mental retardation), hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice
Term
What diseases do cytomegalovirus cause in immunocompetent persons?
Definition
mononucleosis infectiosa (heterophil-antibody negative)
Term
Mention 2 diseases that cytomegalovirus can cause in immune compromised persons!
Definition
pneumonia, chorioretinitis, colitis
Term
Which antiviral drug is active against cytomegalovirus infection?
Definition
Ganciklovir, (foscarnet, cidofovir)
Term
Describe the heterophil antibody test used in Epstein-Barr virus diagnostics!
Definition
Paul-Bunnel test – in mononucleosis caused by EBV, the serum of the patient agglutinates sheep red blood cells
Term
Which virus causes exanthema subitum (roseola infantum)?
Definition
HHV6
Term
Which virus causes erythema infectiosum?
Definition
Human parvovirus B19
Term
Reverse transcription is involved in the replication of which DNA virus?
Definition
Hepadnaviridae – HBV
Term
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses?
Definition
reassortment of genome segments
Term
Which antigens of the influenza virus are recognized by neutralizing antibodies?
Definition
Hemagglutinin, neuraminidase
Term
Which virus(es) is(are) susceptible to amantadine?
Definition
Influenza A virus
Term
What is the possible late complication of measles infection (several years after the acute infection)?
Definition
SSPE – subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Term
What is the portal of entry of the viruses belonging to Paramyxoviridae?
Definition
Respiratory tract – aerosol infection
Term
Which age group is mostly affected by respiratory syncitial (RS) virus infection?
Definition
babies (6 week – 6 month old)
Term
What are the possible complications of adulthood mumps virus infection? Specify at least 2 of them!
Definition
Orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis
Term
What is the route of infection of rabies virus? How does rabies virus spread in the infected body?
Definition
By the bite of a rabid animal, (rarely by infectious aerosol) spread of the virus in the host – along the axons
Term
What medication does a person need after exposure to rabies virus?
Definition
Active immunization – human diploid cell vaccine (killed virus)
and passive immunization – rabies immune globulin
Term
What is the portal of entry of polioviruses? Which areas of the central nervous system are affected by poliovirus infection?
Definition
oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract
damage in motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord + brain stem
Term
Which viruses belong to the Enterovirus genus?
Definition
Polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, echoviruses, enteroviruses 68 - 71
Term
Mention 4 diseases caused by Coxsackie viruses!
Definition
febrile rashes, herpangina, myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, pleurodynia, hand- foot-and-mouth disease
Term
What disease do rotaviruses cause? At which age?
Definition
gastroenteritis in young children
Term
List the 3 antigens of hepatitis B virus against which antibodies may develop during or after the acute phase of infection?
Definition
HBsAg, HBeAg, HBcAg
Term
Which hepatitis B-specific antibody is never present in chronic hepatitis?
Definition
Anti-Hbs
Term
What are the main modes of transmission of HBV (hepatitis B virus) infection?
Definition
sexual contact; perinatally from mother to newborn; by blood or blood product
Term
What are the 2 serological markers that are necessary and sufficient to prove acute hepatitis B virus infection?
Definition
HBsAg, Anti-HBc IgM
Term
Describe the active and passive prophylaxis against hepatitis B!
Definition
active immunization: recombinant HBsAg vaccine
passive immunization: HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin)
Term
Which hepatitis viruses are acquired orally?
Definition
HAV, HEV
Term
Which hepatitis viruses are acquired via parenteral routes?
Definition
HBV, HCV, HDV, (HGV)
Term
Mention 4 diseases that can be caused by adenoviruses!
Definition
pharyngitis, acute respiratory disease, bronchitis, atypical pneumonia, gastrointestinal infection
Term
Mention 2 human prion diseases!
Definition
Kuru, fatal familial insomnia
Term
What are the serious complications of HSV infection in newborns?
Definition
disseminated infections, encephalitis, skin, eye, mouth infection
Term
Mention 3 DNA virus families containing no envelope!
Definition
Parvoviridae, Papovaviridae, Adenoviridae
Term
Mention 3 DNA virus families containing envelope!
Definition
Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Poxviridae
Term
Mention 3 RNA virus families containing no envelope!
Definition
Picornaviriade, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae
Term
Mention 3 RNA virus families containing envelope!
Definition
Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, etc.
Term
What is the portal of entry of mumps virus?
Definition
Upper respiratory tract
Term
Mention at least two viruses capable of causing pneumonia.
Definition
RSV, influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, coronavirus (SARS), metapneumovirus,
Term
What is the causative agent of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)?
Definition
Measles virus
Term
What is(are) the nature(s) of antigen(s) in the combined vaccine against measles, German measles and mumps?
Definition
live attenuated viruses
Term
What is the nature of antigen in the rabies vaccine for human use?
Definition
killed virus
Term
Which viral variants are included in the human influenza vaccine?
Definition
The vaccine contains 2 influenza A strains (H3N2, H1N1) and 1 influenza B strain.
Term
What is the nature of antigen in the vaccine against hepatitis B?
Definition
Subunit vaccine, containing HBsAg
Term
What is(are) the nature(s) of antigens in the vaccines against poliovirus?
Definition
IPV: inactivated polio vaccine: killed viruses (types 1, 2 and 3) OPV: oral polio vaccine: live attenuated viruses (types 1, 2 and 3)
Term
What is the causative agent of PML (progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy)?
Definition
JC virus (Polyomaviridae)
Term
Which influenza virus types are characterised by antigenic shift?
Definition
influenza A
Term
Which influenza virus types are characterised by antigenic drift?
Definition
Influenza A and B
Term
What is the nature of the immune response in diseases caused by prions?
Definition
There is no immune response, as prions are self proteins.
Term
Mention at least 3 diseases caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV1, HSV2)!
Definition
oropharyngeal herpes (gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis), keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, herpes genitalis
Term
What are the possible consequences of fetal infections caused by rubella virus? Specify at least 3 of them!
Definition
Congenital malformations involving the heart (patent ductus arteriosus, septum defects), the eyes (cataract, glaucoma) and the brain (deafness, mental reardation).
Term
Which ifluenza A subtypes cause most human infections currently?
Definition
H1N1, H3N2
Term
Which are the two most important targets of antiretroviral chemotherapy?
Definition
HIV reverse transcriptase and protease
Term
Mention 3 nucleoside type reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS!
Definition
azidothymidine (zidovudine), dideoxyinozine (didanosine), dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine), stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir
Term
Mention 2 non nucleoside type reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS!
Definition
nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz
Term
Mention 2 protease inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS!
Definition
indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir
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