Term
Which virus family is characterized by a single-stranded DNA genome? |
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Definition
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Term
Which virus family is characterized by a double-stranded RNA genome? |
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Definition
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Term
Which viruses are susceptible to acyclovir? What is the mechanism of effect of the drug? |
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Definition
alpha herpesviruses – HSV1, HSV2, VZV; inhibitor of viral DNA polymerase and DNA chain terminator |
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Term
Explain why acyclovir is selectively toxic to cells infected by alpha-herpesviruses! |
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Definition
These viruses encode their own thymidine kinase enzymes, which are needed for activation (phosphorylation) of the drug. Cellular thymidine kinase does not activate the drug. |
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Term
In which cells do Herpes simlex viruses establish latent infection? |
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Definition
Sensory ganglion cells (trigeminal or sacral ganglia) |
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Term
What is the possible, late complication (years after acute infection) of the childhood chickenpox? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the possible consequences of fetal infections caused by B19 parvovirus? |
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Definition
fetal death or hydrops fetalis |
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Term
Which isotype of antigen-specific immunoglobulins in the newborn's blood indicates a congenital infection? |
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Definition
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Term
What diseases do cytomegalovirus cause in congenital infections? |
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Definition
cytomegalic inclusion disease – spontaneous abortion, CNS damage (deafness, blindness, mental retardation), hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice |
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Term
What diseases do cytomegalovirus cause in immunocompetent persons? |
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Definition
mononucleosis infectiosa (heterophil-antibody negative) |
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Term
Mention 2 diseases that cytomegalovirus can cause in immune compromised persons! |
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Definition
pneumonia, chorioretinitis, colitis |
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Term
Which antiviral drug is active against cytomegalovirus infection? |
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Definition
Ganciklovir, (foscarnet, cidofovir) |
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Term
Describe the heterophil antibody test used in Epstein-Barr virus diagnostics! |
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Definition
Paul-Bunnel test – in mononucleosis caused by EBV, the serum of the patient agglutinates sheep red blood cells |
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Term
Which virus causes exanthema subitum (roseola infantum)? |
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Definition
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Term
Which virus causes erythema infectiosum? |
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Definition
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Term
Reverse transcription is involved in the replication of which DNA virus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the mechanism of antigenic shift in influenza viruses? |
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Definition
reassortment of genome segments |
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Term
Which antigens of the influenza virus are recognized by neutralizing antibodies? |
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Definition
Hemagglutinin, neuraminidase |
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Term
Which virus(es) is(are) susceptible to amantadine? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the possible late complication of measles infection (several years after the acute infection)? |
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Definition
SSPE – subacute sclerosing panencephalitis |
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Term
What is the portal of entry of the viruses belonging to Paramyxoviridae? |
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Definition
Respiratory tract – aerosol infection |
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Term
Which age group is mostly affected by respiratory syncitial (RS) virus infection? |
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Definition
babies (6 week – 6 month old) |
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Term
What are the possible complications of adulthood mumps virus infection? Specify at least 2 of them! |
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Definition
Orchitis, meningitis, pancreatitis |
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Term
What is the route of infection of rabies virus? How does rabies virus spread in the infected body? |
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Definition
By the bite of a rabid animal, (rarely by infectious aerosol) spread of the virus in the host – along the axons |
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Term
What medication does a person need after exposure to rabies virus? |
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Definition
Active immunization – human diploid cell vaccine (killed virus) and passive immunization – rabies immune globulin |
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Term
What is the portal of entry of polioviruses? Which areas of the central nervous system are affected by poliovirus infection? |
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Definition
oropharynx and gastrointestinal tract damage in motor neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord + brain stem |
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Term
Which viruses belong to the Enterovirus genus? |
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Definition
Polioviruses, coxsackie A and B viruses, echoviruses, enteroviruses 68 - 71 |
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Term
Mention 4 diseases caused by Coxsackie viruses! |
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Definition
febrile rashes, herpangina, myocarditis, pericarditis, meningitis, pleurodynia, hand- foot-and-mouth disease |
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Term
What disease do rotaviruses cause? At which age? |
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Definition
gastroenteritis in young children |
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Term
List the 3 antigens of hepatitis B virus against which antibodies may develop during or after the acute phase of infection? |
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Definition
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Term
Which hepatitis B-specific antibody is never present in chronic hepatitis? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the main modes of transmission of HBV (hepatitis B virus) infection? |
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Definition
sexual contact; perinatally from mother to newborn; by blood or blood product |
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Term
What are the 2 serological markers that are necessary and sufficient to prove acute hepatitis B virus infection? |
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Definition
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Term
Describe the active and passive prophylaxis against hepatitis B! |
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Definition
active immunization: recombinant HBsAg vaccine passive immunization: HBIG (hepatitis B immune globulin) |
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Term
Which hepatitis viruses are acquired orally? |
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Definition
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Term
Which hepatitis viruses are acquired via parenteral routes? |
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Definition
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Term
Mention 4 diseases that can be caused by adenoviruses! |
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Definition
pharyngitis, acute respiratory disease, bronchitis, atypical pneumonia, gastrointestinal infection |
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Term
Mention 2 human prion diseases! |
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Definition
Kuru, fatal familial insomnia |
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Term
What are the serious complications of HSV infection in newborns? |
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Definition
disseminated infections, encephalitis, skin, eye, mouth infection |
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Term
Mention 3 DNA virus families containing no envelope! |
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Definition
Parvoviridae, Papovaviridae, Adenoviridae |
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Term
Mention 3 DNA virus families containing envelope! |
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Definition
Herpesviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Poxviridae |
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Term
Mention 3 RNA virus families containing no envelope! |
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Definition
Picornaviriade, Caliciviridae, Reoviridae |
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Term
Mention 3 RNA virus families containing envelope! |
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Definition
Orthomyxoviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Rhabdoviridae, etc. |
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Term
What is the portal of entry of mumps virus? |
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Definition
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Term
Mention at least two viruses capable of causing pneumonia. |
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Definition
RSV, influenza virus A and B, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, coronavirus (SARS), metapneumovirus, |
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Term
What is the causative agent of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)? |
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Definition
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Term
What is(are) the nature(s) of antigen(s) in the combined vaccine against measles, German measles and mumps? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the nature of antigen in the rabies vaccine for human use? |
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Definition
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Term
Which viral variants are included in the human influenza vaccine? |
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Definition
The vaccine contains 2 influenza A strains (H3N2, H1N1) and 1 influenza B strain. |
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Term
What is the nature of antigen in the vaccine against hepatitis B? |
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Definition
Subunit vaccine, containing HBsAg |
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Term
What is(are) the nature(s) of antigens in the vaccines against poliovirus? |
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Definition
IPV: inactivated polio vaccine: killed viruses (types 1, 2 and 3) OPV: oral polio vaccine: live attenuated viruses (types 1, 2 and 3) |
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Term
What is the causative agent of PML (progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy)? |
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Definition
JC virus (Polyomaviridae) |
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Term
Which influenza virus types are characterised by antigenic shift? |
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Definition
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Term
Which influenza virus types are characterised by antigenic drift? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the nature of the immune response in diseases caused by prions? |
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Definition
There is no immune response, as prions are self proteins. |
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Term
Mention at least 3 diseases caused by herpes simplex viruses (HSV1, HSV2)! |
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Definition
oropharyngeal herpes (gingivostomatitis, herpes labialis), keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, herpes genitalis |
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Term
What are the possible consequences of fetal infections caused by rubella virus? Specify at least 3 of them! |
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Definition
Congenital malformations involving the heart (patent ductus arteriosus, septum defects), the eyes (cataract, glaucoma) and the brain (deafness, mental reardation). |
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Term
Which ifluenza A subtypes cause most human infections currently? |
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Definition
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Term
Which are the two most important targets of antiretroviral chemotherapy? |
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Definition
HIV reverse transcriptase and protease |
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Term
Mention 3 nucleoside type reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS! |
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Definition
azidothymidine (zidovudine), dideoxyinozine (didanosine), dideoxycytidine (zalcitabine), stavudine, lamivudine, abacavir |
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Term
Mention 2 non nucleoside type reverse transcriptase inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS! |
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Definition
nevirapine, delavirdine, efavirenz |
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Term
Mention 2 protease inhibitors used in the therapy of AIDS! |
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Definition
indinavir, saquinavir, ritonavir, nelfinavir, amprenavir |
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