Term
| What is the normal flora of the LRT? |
|
Definition
| sterile - because the ciliary escalator keeps stuff out |
|
|
Term
| What is the infection of the bronchi or bronchioles called? of the lungs? the pleura? |
|
Definition
| bronchitis; pneumonia; pleuritis |
|
|
Term
| What happens during pleuritis? |
|
Definition
| smooth pleura lining gets inflammed and rough and rubs together |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of pleuritis? |
|
Definition
| pain (especially to breath) |
|
|
Term
| What are the defense mechanisms of the LRT? |
|
Definition
| ciliated mucus membranes, alveolar macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What is needed for a good quality sputum culture? |
|
Definition
| < 10 squamous epithelial cells (b/c that indicates spit since they dont come from the lungs), > 25 WBC per low power field (infection will cause an influx of WBC) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of whooping cough? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gram stain of bordetella pertussis? |
|
Definition
| small gram negative coccobacillus |
|
|
Term
| What are the stages of Whooping cough? |
|
Definition
| catarrgal stage, paroxymal stage, convalescent stage |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of the catarrhal stage of whooping cough? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage of whooping cough do most people get diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of the paroxysmal stage of whooping cough? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors of bordetella pertussis? |
|
Definition
| toxins (a-b), adhesion, capsule |
|
|
Term
| What are the toxins of bordetella pertussis and what do they do? |
|
Definition
| pertussis (systemic symptoms), tracheal toxin (damages ciliary cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for the adhesion of bordetella pertussis to ciliary cells? |
|
Definition
| filamentous hemagglutinin |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose whooping cough? |
|
Definition
| signs/symptoms (lymphocytosis, whoop), culture on special media (mercury like on Bordet-Gengou), Rapid serological test, PCR |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat whooping cough? |
|
Definition
| antibiotic stops the toxin |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent whooping cough? |
|
Definition
| acellular vaccine, immunity after infection |
|
|
Term
| What causes primary pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gram stain of strep pneumo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a lot of pus characteristic of? |
|
Definition
| strep pneumo (it's a pyogenic coccus) |
|
|
Term
| What happend in primary pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| acute inflammation of bronchi and alveoli, alveoli fill with pus, infection spreads (bacteria enters pleura and then blood) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of primary pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| high fever, chills, chest pain, blood in sputa (rust colored), difficulty breathing |
|
|
Term
| What is the virulence factor of strep pneumo? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose strep pneumo? |
|
Definition
| culture (alpha hemolytic, optichin sensitive, bile soluble), capsule serotypes |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat primary pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| penicillin, floroquinolones, regional resistance increasng |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent primary pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common term for primary atypical pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat is the causes of walking pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| mycyplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae, legionella pneumophilia |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of the microbe mycoplasma pneumoniae? |
|
Definition
| no cell wall, plasma membrane with sterols, doesnt grow well on regular media |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of mycoplasma pneumoniae walking pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| low grade fever, non-productive cough, infiltrate in tissue (not alveoli) |
|
|
Term
| DOes walking pneumonia invade the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the virulence factors of mycoplasma pneumoniae? |
|
Definition
| cross reacting antibodies |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose mycoplasma pneumoniae walking pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| sputum specimen (to rule out that it's something else), PCR, serological tests |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of chlamydia pneumoniae? |
|
Definition
| infectious cycle, obligate intracellular parasite, wont grow on regular media |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of legionella pneumophilia? |
|
Definition
| gram negative bacilli, facultative intracellular bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Which of the causes of walking pneumonia infects macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of legionaies disease? |
|
Definition
| pontaic fever (fever, muscle aches, cough) |
|
|
Term
| Where is legionella pneumophilia found? how does it survive there? |
|
Definition
| water vapor; they live inside amoebas |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose legionaies disaese[ |
|
Definition
| charcoal yeast extract media, fluorescent antibody, DNA probe |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of mycobacterium tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| acid fast bacilli, wax rich lipids (resist drying and antiseptics/antimicrobials, intracellula, obligate aerobe |
|
|
Term
| How many mycobacterium tuberculosis cells do you need for infection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the initial inflammation of tuberculosis caused by? |
|
Definition
| macrophages and lymphocytes, macrophage |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of tubercles in tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| they allow for reactivation of the disease by exploding |
|
|
Term
| What does the core of the tubercle contain? |
|
Definition
| bacilli within macrophages (inactivated) |
|
|
Term
| What does the outer wall of the tubercle contain? |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, lymphocytes, neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 possible outcomes of tuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| 1. macrophages end up in alveoli (take them the lymph nodes where t cells present themselves and then can go into blood) - systemic disease 2. turbicle with no effects 3. tubercle with reinfection |
|
|
Term
| How is tuberculosis transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is tuberculosis antibiotic resistant (mostly)? |
|
Definition
| its hard to get the antibiotics to the bacilli inside the tubercles |
|
|
Term
| If you are infected with TB what else do you have to be tested for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| PPD (tuberculin skin test), AFB smear (look for acid fast bacilli), DIFFINITIVE = xray, CT scan, DNA probe, PRC, culture and susceptibility |
|
|
Term
| Why are people in the US not use a vaccine for TB? |
|
Definition
| you cant do a ppd test because since the vaccine is live attenuated you dont know if they have the disease or it's just the vaccine |
|
|
Term
| Which type of infections are strictly associated with AIDS patients? |
|
Definition
| mycobacterium avium-intracelliaire, mycobacterium fortuitum-chelonae |
|
|
Term
| What are the causative agents of secondary pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| staph aureus, strep pyogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella caarrhalis |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of viral pnuemonia? |
|
Definition
| respiratory syncytial virus |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of secondary pneumonia? |
|
Definition
| coughing, wheezing, NO FEVER, NO accumulation of pus but lots of inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of inflenza? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the viral structure of influenza strain A? |
|
Definition
| enveloped virus: has hemagglutinin spikes (clumps RBC, recognize and attaches to cells) and neuraminidase spikes (helps seperate from cell afterreplication), has 8 RNA segments |
|
|
Term
| How is influenza A viruses typed? |
|
Definition
| which of each spike they present |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of influenza? what are they due to? |
|
Definition
| chills, fever, headache, muscle aches; aggressive host response |
|
|
Term
| Where does the influenzavirus replicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which strain of influenza are most major disease outbreaks from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes influenxaviruses so immune to prevention? |
|
Definition
| ability for antigenic changes |
|
|
Term
| What do antigenic shifts of influenzavirus lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an antigenic shift? |
|
Definition
| major genetic recombination |
|
|
Term
| What is antigenic drift? what does it result in? |
|
Definition
| minor mutations; same subtype but more infections occur |
|
|
Term
| What type of flu is the avian flu? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is the avian flu spread? |
|
Definition
| birds to humans (not person to person because its doesnt have a human H spike) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment for avain flue: inhibits the uncoating step so that it cant replicate its nucleic acids and cant leave the cell |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent the avian flu? |
|
Definition
| vaccine (multivalent killed virus) - has anti-H and anti-N antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What does SARS stand for? |
|
Definition
| severe acute respiratory syndrome |
|
|
Term
| WHat is the cause of SARS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of SARS? |
|
Definition
| high fever, body aches, mild respiratory symptoms (cough after 2-7 days) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of SARS? |
|
Definition
| high fever, body aches, mild respiratory symptoms (cough after 2-7 days) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pneumonia or acute respiratory distress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respiratory droplets (close person to person contact) |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose SARS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for SARS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
| fungal infection (dimorphic: yeast form at room temp) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of histoplasmosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does histoplasma capsulatum affect the lungs? |
|
Definition
| pneumonia like infection (lesions) |
|
|
Term
| How is histoplasma capsulatum spread? |
|
Definition
| from the droppings of birds and bats (humans inhale the spores) |
|
|
Term
| What is a major factor of being infected with histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
| need to have AIDS of immune compromised usually to be infected |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnosehistoplasmosi? |
|
Definition
| clinical signs/symptoms, serological tests, DNA probe |
|
|
Term
| What type of infection is Coccidiomycosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes coccidiomycosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| WHat are the symptoms of coccidiomycosis? |
|
Definition
| cough, weight loss, chest pain, low fever |
|
|
Term
| What is Aspergillosis caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does aspergillus flavus grow? |
|
Definition
| grain (need to inhale it, not eat) |
|
|
Term
| What does aspergillus flavus produce? |
|
Definition
| aflatoxins (can cause cancer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer tumor caused by carcinogens made by aspergillus flavus |
|
|
Term
| What is pneumocystis pneumonia classified as? |
|
Definition
| fungus, but it produces cysts like parasites |
|
|
Term
| What is pneumocystis pneumonia caused by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who does pneymocystis jiroveci normall affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose pneumocystis pneumonia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which diseases of the LRT are fungus? |
|
Definition
| histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis, aspergillosis, pneumocystis pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| What people do fungal infections affect? |
|
Definition
| AIDS patients and immune suppressed (transplant, old, young) |
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