Term
| Specific Immunity or Adaptive immunity |
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Definition
2 main types
1. Humoral immunity – mediated by B lymphocytes
2. Cellular immunity - mediated by T lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
1)antigen
2) antibody
3) eptiope |
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Term
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Definition
| any substance foreign to the body circulation that stimulates the productions of specific antibodies by the immune system |
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Term
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Definition
| protein made by the immune system in response to exposure to a specific antigen |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical part of an agn that reacts within the antibody |
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Term
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Definition
also called an immunoglobulin
a. Consists of four chains of protein , 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains joined by disulfide bonds
b. 2 FAB ends and 1 FC ends
c. Agglutination – antibodies, antigens and epitopes form
d. Clumps of antigens and antibodies
i. Localize the foreign antigens (keep it from spreading)
ii. Helps phagocytes recognize what they are supposed to destroy |
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Term
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Definition
1) immunoglobulin G (IgG or gamma globulin)
2) IgM
3)IgA
4) IgD
5) IgE |
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Term
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Definition
i. Most common antibody in the blood (80%)
ii. Produces during the secondary exposure to a specific antigen
iii. Will cross the placenta |
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Term
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Definition
i. 6- 8% of all blood antibodies
ii. 10 FAB ends and 5 connected FC ends
iii. Produced during the primary exposure to a specific antigen
iv. It will not cross the placenta until late in the pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
i. 10-13% of all blood antibodies
ii. Made during the secondary exposure
iii. Will cross the placenta
iv. Also found in other body secretions including:
1. Saliva , tears , spinal fluid , urine, respiratory secretions (mucous) , genital secretions , colostrums , breast milk
v. Also known as secretory antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
i. 1% of all blood antibodies
ii. Made during the secondary exposure
iii. It will close the placenta
iv. “Memory antibody”
v. Epitope of the antigen attaches to the Fab end of IgD
vi. Fc end attaches to a B lymphocyte where it remains as a reminder of how to make that antibody |
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Term
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Definition
i. 1% of all blood antibodies
ii. Made in the secondary exposure
iii. Can cross placenta
iv. “anti-heminth” antibodies – parasitic worms
v. Made against large antigens |
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Term
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Definition
- Embryonic stem cells (fetal) Neonatal / newborn stem cells t lymphocytes / b lymphocytes
- Thymus gland stimulation (cause t cells) , GALT stimulation, cut associated lymph tissue(causes B cells)
- 1st month of extrauterine life |
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Term
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Definition
- Picked up by a type of T-lymphocyte called a T helper cell
o Processes the antigen and exposes the epitope When the epitope is exposed the epitope is then transferred to the surface of a B lymphocyte B lymphocyte plasma cell produces antibodies |
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Term
| How do antibodies protect against infection |
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Definition
1) agglutination
2) precipitation
3) antiviral neutralizing antibodies
4) antitoxin antibodies
5) anti pili antibodies
6) cytolysis of G-bacteria (cell bursting)
7) opsonization |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies clamps the antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| antibodies clamps the antigens in a IgA body secretion |
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Term
| antiviral neutralizing antibodies |
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Definition
a. Antibody made specifically against virus
b. Antibody attaches to the protein head of the virus and prevents viral attachments to body cells |
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Term
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Definition
a. Antibody made against an exotoxin
b. Antibody binds to the exotoxin and blocks the exotoxin from attaching to its target cell |
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Term
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Definition
a. Antibody made against bacterial pili
b. Antibodies cover the pili and prevent the bacteria from attaching to the body cells |
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Term
| cytolysis of G-bacteria (cell bursting) |
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Definition
a. Involves G – bacteria in the blood , antibody and whole complement
b. Complement - Complex blood protein consisting of 11 major subunits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1) passive natural immunity
2) passive artificial immunity
3) active natural immunity
4) active artificial immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| short term immunity usually for less than 1 year given antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| long term immunity usually for life make your own antibody |
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Term
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Definition
| given an altered form of an antigen in order to stimulate antibody production |
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Term
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Definition
- Dead organism
- Weakened organism (attenuated)
- Different strain of the organism
- Toxoid – weakened exotoxin
- Epitope |
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Term
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Definition
a. 1st vaccine for widespread use
b. Late 1700s – early 1800s |
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Term
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Definition
1) Children
2) High risk persons
a. Job
b. Travel
c. Age
d. Immunosuppression
e. Etc |
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Term
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Definition
1) MMR (measles , mumps and rubella)
2) DPT (Diphtheria (toxoid) , pertussis (G epitope), Tetanus (toxoid))
3) TOPV (polio)
4) HiB
5)Hepatitis B (Heptavax)
6) Chicken pox (vauivax)
7) pheumococcal pneumonia
8) rotavirus |
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Term
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Definition
a. Haemophilus influenza
b. Type B (G – epitope)
c. Leading cause of meningitis in children 3-5 |
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Term
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Definition
Cellular immunity T-lymphocytes
1) Antigens in the body
2) Certain body cells called antigen presenting cells (apc) will attach to the antigens APC’s include macrophages
3) Antigens binds to the surface of an APC, APC breaks down the antigen and exposes the epitope |
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Term
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Definition
4) APC transfers the epitope to the surface of T4 and T8 lymphocytes (T4 CELLS , CD4 , T8 , CD8)
5) The eptiope attaches to the protein on the surface of the T4 and T8 cells which is called TCR (T cell receptors)
6) The T4 and T8 cells with the epitope attached to the TCR are now activated |
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Term
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Definition
7) Activated T4 cells can now become
a. Th1 cells, also called T effector cells (T helper type 1)
i. Th1 cells produce important immunechemicals called lymphocytes or cytokines
ii. Examples include
1. macrophages attracting factor
2. macrophage activating factor
3. macrophage migration inhibition factor
4. mitogenic factor
5. interferon – anti viral protein
6. etc
b. Th2 cells – Th2 transfer epitope to a protein cells on surface of B lymphocytes plasma cells antibodies |
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Term
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Definition
8) Activated T8 cell can now become :
a. Cytotoxic – T-lymphocyte (CTL)
i. Very aggressive phagocytes which destroys cancer cells
b. NK cell – nature killer cell –
i. Along with IgE destroys large antigens such as worms , transplants
c. T memory cell
i. Retains the epitope an its surface as a reminder
d. T suppressor cell blocks the production and action of all other T lymphocytes |
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Term
| Immunodeficiency diseases |
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Definition
- Some part of the specific immune response does not work as it should
2 main types:
1) primary immunodeficiency
2) secondary immunodeficiency |
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Term
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Definition
present at birth , rare
o Very serious
Born with a B-lymphocyte deficiency
- Born with T lymphocyte deficiency |
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Term
| Born with a B-lymphocyte deficiency |
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Definition
o Lack of stem cells
o Lack of a functional galt
o Have hypogammaglobulinemia
o Have dysgammaglobinemia
Susceptible to infections (the first two)
o Have agammaglobinemia
o Treatment
Keep away from infections
Give antibiotics
Give passive artificial immunity (give antibodies)
Bone marrow transplant |
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Term
| Born with T lymphocyte deficiency |
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Definition
o Less T4,T8,Th1,Th2,CTL,NK,etc.
o Lack of stem cells
o No functioning thymus gland
o Susceptible to infections (esp. viral and fungal) and get cancer
o Treatments
Keep away from infections and cancer causing agents
Give antibodies
Give antibiotics
Give bone marrow transplants
Newborn stem cell and thymus transplant |
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Term
| Secondary immunodeficiency |
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Definition
not present at birth , is acquired during lifetime , common
- Not usually serious |
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Term
| Secondary immunodeficiency: causes |
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Definition
o Poor diet
o Lack of sleep
o Stress
o Smoke
o Alcohol
o Radiation
o Medications
o Infections HIV, flu, chicken pox |
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Term
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Definition
- When some part of specific immunity reacts stronger than normal against a specific antigen
- Happens when the immune system is expose to the same large antigen too often
- Most allergens (antigens to which you are hypersensitive) and large proteins , lipids |
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Term
| 2 main types of allergies |
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Definition
1) Immediate hypersensitivity
a. Symptoms of the allergy appear within 48 hours after exposure to the allergen
2) Delayed hypersensitivity
a. Symptoms of the allergy appear 48 hours or later after exposure to the allergen
b. T lymphocyte reaction |
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Term
| Examples of immediate hypersensitivity |
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Definition
1) anaphylactic reaction
2) arthus reaction
3) autoimmune reaction/cytotoxic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Many exposures to the same antigen (allergen) can cause some people to make high levels of IgE antibodies
IgE binds to the epitope of the allergen with its Fab ends
The Fc ends of the IgE binds to the surface of mast cells
When most of the mast cell surface is covered by IgE – allergen mast cells burst releasing histamine |
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Term
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Definition
Excess inflammation occurs
• On skin – red, itchy rash and hives
• On respiratory tract – itchy watery eyes , stuffed sinuses , lots of mucus produced , a cough , dry throat , sneezing and possibly congestion of the bronchi and lungs with breathing difficulty , wheezing , shortness of breath
• In the digestive tract – closing of the throat , difficulty swallowing , nausea , vomiting , diarrhea
• In the blood – blockage of blood vessels anaphylactic shock (death) = increased heart rate increased blood pressure , irregular rapid heart rate , in serious cases heart failure – cardiac arrest |
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Term
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Definition
Treatment
• Stay away from the allergen
• Anti-histamines
• Steroids
• Epinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
Also called serum sickness , immune complex reaction
Happens when a single large dose of allergen is in the blood stream
Antibodies bind the the allergen
Whole complement binds to the antibody
Causes blockage of the blood vessel , hemorrhage and shock |
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Term
| autoimmune reaction/cytotoxic reaction |
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Definition
Allergic to self
Antibodies against self
Examples
• Lupus (SLE) antibodies against DNA
• Rheumatoid arthritis – antibodies against a protein in connective tissues in your joints
• Rheumatic heart disease – antibodies against a protein in the mitral valve of the heart
o Protein called M protein
• Some forms of MS – make antibodies against the myelin |
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Term
| Examples of delayed hypersensitivity (allergy) |
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Definition
1) contact dermatitis
2) skin test - TB for example
3) transplant rejection |
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Term
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Definition
Rash, itching, hives on skin
• Plant allergies (poison ivy)
• Insect and spider bites
• Cosmetic allergies
• Clothing allergies |
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Term
| Viral infections associated with skin and mucous membranes |
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Definition
- papillomaviruses
- herpesviruses
- paramyxoviruses
- poxviruses |
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Term
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Definition
7 papillomaviruses that cause human infections
- Called human papillomaviruses (HPV)
- Causes benign growths of virus infected cells on skin and mucous membranes
- Called warts
- Form on hands, feet, face, neck, toes, fingers, genitals |
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Term
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Definition
- Transmitted by direct contact with a wart or with secretions from infected tissue
- Person to person
- Virus tends to be very infectious, especially genital warts
- Infection forms as a raised lesion or as a “flap” of infected tissue (skin tag)
- Wart can last for weeks, months (depends upon immune system interferons) |
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Term
| Papillomaviruses - complications and treatments |
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Definition
- Complications genital warts
o HPV can cause cervical cancer (70% of all cases caused by HPCV)
o Link to other cancers- genital/oral contact can lead to oral and esophageal cancer
Treatment
- Warts- removal
Prevention
- Gardisil vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
- herpes simplex virus type 1
- herpes simplex virus type 2
- Varicella – Zoster Virus (VZV)
- epstein barr virus
- cytomegalovirus |
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Term
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) |
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Definition
o Oral cold sores (fever blisters)
o Viral infection of lips, tongue, gums, face – oral herpes
o Transmitted by direct contact with an active virus and fluid filled sore (clear fluid) – most common
o Possibly transmitted by secretions from a sore ; sneeze, sharing a drink, lip nbalm, etc. – secondary |
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Term
| Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1)(2) |
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Definition
o Incubation period – 1 to 3 days (time from exposure to first symptoms)
o Sore is very contagious /painful
o Virus and sore lasts 3-7 days
o Complications
Can become a provirus and recur
Risk of conjunctivitis (eye)
Risk of encephalitis and meningitis (rare but can occur)
Treatment
Antiviral medications that can speed up the drying and healing of the sore ; acyclovir, zovirex, valtrex |
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Term
| Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV1) |
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Definition
o Genital cold sores (genital herpes)
o Viral infection of vagina, cervix , penis
o Transmitted by direct contact with an active virus and fluid filled sore (clear fluid) – most common
o Incubation period – 1 to 3 days
o Sore is very contagious / painful
o Virus and sore lasts 3-7 days |
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Term
| Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV1)(2) |
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Definition
o Complications
Can become a provirus and recur
Passage to newborn nervous system problems blindness, deafness (should deliver via C-section)
Increased risk of cervical cancer
Treatment
Antiviral medication that can speed up the drying and healing of the sore; acyclovir, zovirex, valtrex |
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Term
| Varicella – Zoster Virus (VZV) |
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Definition
o Chicken pox – shingles
o Transmitted by respiratory secretions – cough. sneeze
o Incubation period 3-7 days
o First symptoms – mild flu like illness (most contagious)
Flu like: fever, congestion, cough, fatigue. Muscle aches, malaise |
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Term
| Varicella – Zoster Virus (VZV)(2) |
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Definition
o Virus spread from respiratory tract into blood
o Vesicular rash forms – small blisters (anywhere on the body)
o Rash can be contagious – especially fluid from blisters
o Rash last 7-21 days |
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Term
| Varicella – Zoster Virus (VZV)(3) |
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Definition
o Complications
Bronchitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, otitis media, meningitis, encephalitis
Slow virus disease (shingles – infection of peripheral nerves; pain, discomfort, streaky red rash, may be blisters)
Scarring
Reyes syndrome – damage to blood vessels, liver, brain due to VZV and aspirin; can be fatal
Treatment
Treat the symptoms; diet, fluids, keep itching down, steroids, fever reducer , not aspirin
o Prevent and vaccine |
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Term
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Definition
o Causes mononucleosis
o Transmitted by fecal – oral (digestive in this case) contact
o Digestive = saliva; kissing, sharing foods
o Symptoms – sore throat, swollen salivary glands, swollen lymph nodes, fever, cough, Fatigue, Malaise
o Symptoms last 1-6 weeks
o Incubation period 7 to 14 days |
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Term
| Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) (2) |
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Definition
o Complications
Virus can go to bronchi and lungs bronchitis and pneumonia
Can go to blood spleen hyperspleenism over active spleen
• Splenomegaly – enlarged spleen – rupture
Can go to liver causes hepatomegaly enlarged liver; abdominal discomfort, jaundice
Treatment
Rest, diet, fluids, steroids
Later complications
Burkitts lymphoma – cancer of lymph nodes of the neck |
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Term
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Definition
o Causes a respiratory infection (pneumonia-like) in children (newborns)
o Pneumonia, diarrheal illness, weight loss, dementia in AIDS patients
Treatment
No real treatment |
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