Term
|
Definition
There are three main groups of atypical bacteria
1) mycoplasma
2) rickettsia
3) chlamydia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Smaller than most bacteria (about .15-.3 µm) – smallest known microorganism to grow on agar , they only form colonies on agar plates in about 7-10 days
- There is no PG in their cell walls
- There’s no rigid shapes – not coccus, bacillus or spiral |
|
|
Term
| Mycoplasma - harm and treatment |
|
Definition
a) Harm – none – rarely cause harm in healthy people, usually hospital patients
- Can cause endocarditic in hospital patients
b) Treated with tetracycline and doxycycline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Smaller than most bacteria (.3-.5 µm)
- Little PG in their cell walls – a coccobacillary shape (oval)
- It’s an obligate intracellular parasites - means they must live inside living cell either animal or human
- Can’t grow in agar or in a lab
- They prefer to grow inside cells lining blood vessels called enclothelia cells (the blood brings there food and oxygen)
- They are transmitted from animal to human or human to human carried by ticks or lice. They feed off blood – looking for a blood vessel that holds hear (face and scalp). It infects the lining of the blood vessel in 7-14 days
- Rockettsia is carried in the gut of the tick to the human as a result it causes red spotted rash, high fever (up to 108 F), delirium, kidney damage |
|
|
Term
| Infections caused by Rickettsia |
|
Definition
a) Two important infections caused by rickettsia are:
a. Rock mountain spotted fever (RMSF) – found on mid Atlantic/east coast – MD has perfect weather for tick season march- November
o Tetracycline and doxycline are used to treat RMSF
b. Typhus – in latin is delirious – its lice – is a common cause of kidney and brain damage (not head lice) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Smaller than most bacteria (.3 µm)
- Has little PG in walls and could appear coccus or rod like- the same Chlamydia can change shape
- They are obligates intracellular parasites that need living cells to survive and prefer mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
| Important infections caused by chlamydia |
|
Definition
1) Psittacosis
2) Trachoma
3) Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
4) Genitor - urinary chlamydia infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of ornithosis (infection of birds)
- Also called parrot fever
- Infection of tropical birds like parrots and parakeets
- From bird to bird transmission resulting in a respiratory infection causing pneumonia then death
- Human can inhale Chlamydia from their secretions causing chronic respiratory illness with cough, fever, congestion, fatigue and rarely pneumonia and death (appears like asthma in children)
- Treatment : tetracycline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a type of conjunctivitis (eyes)
- It’s the world’s leading cause of blindness Chlamydia is found in animal and human urine or feces which contaminates water which then gets in your eyes. Common in highly dense urban areas or in polluted water / swimming beaches.
- Treatment : tetracycline |
|
|
Term
| lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) |
|
Definition
a sexually transmitted disease
- Infects the lymph nodes of the genital that swells them and turns them black
- Similar to syphilis, rare today, came from Asia
- Treatment: tetracycline |
|
|
Term
| Genitor-urinary Chlamydia infection |
|
Definition
it’s a std
- Causes prostatitis in males, results in sterility
- Causes salpingitis , infection of fallopian tubes, and ovaries can cause sterility
- Asymptomatic, women will show no signs, men will.
- Treat with tetracycline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Not a bacteria – eukaryotic
- Larger than bacteria
- Can be multi-cellular
- Lots of cell structures
- Have a nucleus
- Mitosis
- More than 1 chromosome
- No PG in walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Usually unicellular , oval or spherical shaped (3-7µm)
b. Usually reproduce A sexually by budding (a baby year that grows on a surface the bud then grows to the side of the mother cell and then splits (60 minute process) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) sacharomyces
2) candida albicans
3) Cryptococcus neoformans
4) Pneumocystis jiroveci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oval shaped
a) Must have sugar to survive
b) Non- pathogenic beneficial used for baking and brewing (wines, vodka, potatoes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
– most common pathogenic yeast, causes infections called candidiasis
a) is a dimorphic yeast – meaning two forms
o at body temperature (37C) appears yeast like – treated with monistat
o at cooler temperatures it appears mold like meaning multi- cellular with spores
b) Chains of cells called pseudolyphoe – they produce blastospores that reproduce chlamydospores (survival) white discharge. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) thrush
2) vaginitis
3) dermatitis
4) systemic candida |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(mouth)
Infection of the mouth (tongue, gums, etc.)
Most common in children, AIDS patients, cancer patients or chemotherapy
White coating on tongue, gums, palate – may be bleedings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| White discharge, red rash or slim discomfort. 50% of all women will develop yeast infection during pregnancy. (Children get it when they are born. For the first few months the mother’s immune system protects them but then it shows up after that.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(skin)
Bright red, flaky, peeing skin rash or moist skin. When children have thrush they can drool in their crib and get a rash on their face because the yeast moves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(inside the body)
Causes pneumonia, meningitis, etc.
Occurs in severely immunosuppressed persons (can occur in a person with AIDS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nystatin
ketocomazole (clotrimozole , lotramin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) Has a capsule around it
b) Causes an infection called cryptococcosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Found in soils containing certain bird droppings (especially pigeons)
o Mostly a city disease
o One can inhale cryptococus in dry dusty soil
Get a chronic respiratory illness, cough, fever, fatigue, pneumonia, scar tissue forms in long TB like illness.
In rare cases: can be spread to brain and spinal cord which causes encephalitis in the brain or meningitis in the spinal cord.
o Treatment: Amphotricin B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a) Crescent shape yeast
b) Causes a very severe life threatening pneumonia in very immunosuppressed people. Leading death of AIDS patience
o Used to be known as Pneumocystis carinii
o Infection referred to as Pcp (Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia)
o Treatment: Flagyl – this will get rid of the PCP but they will keep getting it again |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. “true fungi”
b. Multi-cellular , eukaryotic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
c. Produce long chains of cells called hypae
i. Vegetative hypae - Hypae that grow along the surface
1. Cells which attach the mold to a surface and obtain nutrients ,food
ii. Aerial hypae – grow up
1. Contain the reproductive spores
2. Molds are 3 dimensional |
|
|
Term
| Three categories of molds |
|
Definition
1) common non-pathogenic molds
2) dermatophyte molds
3) systemic/dirorphic molds |
|
|
Term
| Common non-pathogenic molds |
|
Definition
a. Found in soil, on plants, on objects, air , etc.
b. Most molds are common non-pathogenic molds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a. Infect skin, hair and nails |
|
|
Term
| Systemic/ dimorphic molds |
|
Definition
a. Infect inside the body
b. Most cause respiratory infections |
|
|
Term
| Common non pathogenic molds |
|
Definition
1) aspergillus
2) penicilium
3) rhizopus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common mold
i. Produces vegetative hypae – white
ii. Produces aerial hypae ( conidiophore)
1. On top of the aerial hypae is conidium (vesicle)
2. On top of the conidium are conidiospores (black, look like curly hair all around the outside) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
iii. Some people are allergic to aspergillus
1. Will have respiratory problems – it’s not the aspergillus’ fault it’s the person’s immune system
iv. Some rare species of aspergillus can produce a toxin called aflatoxin or mycotoxin when aspergillus is found on peanuts or peanut products.
1. This toxin can cause liver cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Produce vegetative hypae
ii. Produce aerial hypae (conidiophore) (white)
1. On top of the aerial hypae sterigmata (phialides)
2. On top of the sterigmata are conidiospores (green-blue)
iii. Bread mold – not harmful, beneficial produces penicillin
1. We would not have cheese without mold |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Vegetative hypae(silver- white)
ii. Aerial hypae (sporangiophore)
1. Sporangiospores – ball like on top of aerial hypae
2. Sporangium – little balls inside the sporangiospores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a. Infect skin, hair and nails
i. They need a protein called keratin (found in skin, hair and nails)– they cannot survive without keratin |
|
|
Term
| three common dermatophytes |
|
Definition
1) microsprum
2) trichophytom
3) epidermophyton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ii. Dermatophytes produce vegetative hypae (tan) but no aerial hypae
1. Grow spore directly on top of vegetative hypae called macroconidia and also small circles called microconidia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
iii. Infection occurs from direct contact with the spores – from another person
1. Dermatophytes cause a bright red raised circular rash on skin, hair loss and thickening and discoloration and cracking of nails.
a. Originally thought it was a worm so called it ringworm also known as tinea infection |
|
|
Term
| types of dermatiphyte infections |
|
Definition
a. Tinea capitis – ringworm of the scalp
b. Tinea barbal – ringworm of the face
c. Tinea corpris – ringworm of the trunk
d. Tinea cruris – ringworm of the groin
e. Tinea pedis – feet
f. Treatment: griseofuluin , ketoconazole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Histeplasma capulatum
2) coccidioides immitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Found mostly in mid west and eastern U.S.
ii. Vegetative hyphae – whitish tan
iii. no aerial hyphae
iv. causes infection called mistoplasmosis
v. spores thrive and mold grows in moist compact soil containing nutrients found in certain bird (members of crow family) dropping or bat droppings
1. crows, blackbirds, ravens, chickens….
2. Inhalation of spores causes respiratory illness
a. Chronic fatigue , cough, congestion , pneumonia
b. TB like illness
3. Treatment : amphotericin B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Infection called coccidioidomycosis (also known as valley fever)
ii. Vegetative hyphae – white
iii. No aerial hyphae
iv. Spores called arthrospores
v. Thrives in dry , desert like soils of southwestern U.S.
1. Arizona, Nevada , California
vi. Inhale spores TB like illness
1. Scarring of lungs , cavitations – open sores in lungs
vii. Treatment – amphotericin B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Smallest known infectious agents
- Measured in nanometers
- About 1000x smaller than bacteria
- Consist of proteins head (capsid) which is hollow and contains DNA or RNA
- Viruses also known as necleocapsid or nucleoprotein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- viruses can be reproduced at very rapid rate
- 1 50,000 viruses in 2-3 hours
- Have genetic material (DNA or RNA)
- Can undergo genetic change (mutation – evolve, adapt) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- No cell structure
- No cytoplasm
- No water
- Carry out no
- Have few if any enzymes
- Obligate intra cell parasites |
|
|
Term
| How do we identify a disease as being caused by a virus? |
|
Definition
1) Viruses are too small to be seen using a light microscope
2) Viruses can’t grow on agar plates
3) Viruses have DNA or RNA but not both |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) Animal viruses – infect animal cells
2) Plant viruses – infect plant cells
3) Bacterial viruses – infect bacteria bacteriophage
4) Fungal viruses – infect yeasts and molds – fungi mycophage
(virus = phage |
|
|
Term
| Viruses are also species specific |
|
Definition
a. Human viruses
b. Kanine viruses – dogs , wolves
c. Equine viruses – horses
d. Feline viruses – cats
e. Avian virus – birds
- Rabies = exception to rule , affects multiple species
- West nile, Manta virus and a few others are also exception but cause different infections in different species |
|
|
Term
| Viruses are tissue specific |
|
Definition
a. Dermatotropic – (human) skin
b. Pneumotropic – respirtatory system
c. Hepatotropic – Liver
d. Neurotropic – Nervous system
e. Lymphotropic – Lymphocytes – WBC’s ex:HIV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) icosahedtral shape
2) cylinrical or helical shape
3) complex shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Some viruses have protein spikes for attachment
Head/capsid , protein, hollow , DNA or RNA |
|
|
Term
| Cylinrical or Helical shape |
|
Definition
Capsid – protein, hollow inside is RNA
1 helical animal virus - rabies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hollow head – contains DNA
Tube (tail) – hollow ,protein
Base plate
Sheath , colar , pins tail fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) productive life cycle of an animal virus
2) provirus life cycle of an animal virus
3)lytic life cycle of a bacterial virus
4)lysogenic life cycle of a bacterial virus |
|
|
Term
| productive life cycle of an animal virus (a-b) |
|
Definition
a. Attachment to a host cell
i. Reversible, irreversible (permanent)
ii. Example - If someone has HIV and their blood gets on your skin you won’t get HIV it has to get into your blood and attach to lymphocytes in order for you to catch it
b. Entry of the virus into the host cell by endocytosis (cell takes the virus in) |
|
|
Term
| productive life cycle of an animal virus (c-e) |
|
Definition
c. The uncoating of the virus head
i. The host cell degrades/ breaks down the head of the virus (it eats the head) releasing the viral DNA ( the host cell things the virus DNA is its own and therefore it does not eat the DNA)
d. The host cell transports the viral DNA to its nucleus
e. The host cell attaches viral DNA to one of its chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| productive life cycle of an animal virus (f-g) |
|
Definition
f. Viral DNA takes over control of host cell and partially shut down the host cell (host cell cannot reproduce itself). It does not fully shut it down because it needs it to do its work.
g. The viral DNA directs the host cell to make copies of the viral DNA. It will make 10,000-50,000 in one to two hours (being made in nucleus) |
|
|
Term
| productive life cycle of an animal virus (h-j) |
|
Definition
h. The host cell makes copies of the viral heads (being made in ribosomes)
i. Assembly of mature viruses. Host cell enzymes carry the viral DNA to the heads and then the DNA is inserted into the heads
j. The viruses are then released from the cell by reverse endocytosis also called budding out. |
|
|
Term
| productive life cycle of an animal virus (k-l) |
|
Definition
k. Re-infection of more cells
l. Result is the host cell is dead
If the virus tears a piece of the membrane (envelope) cell dies faster and envelope hides the virus from the immune system |
|
|
Term
| provirus life cycle (a-c) |
|
Definition
a. Attachment to a host cell
i. Reversible, irreversible (permanent)
ii. Example - If someone has HIV and their blood gets on your skin you won’t get HIV it has to get into your blood and attach to lymphocytes in order for you to catch it
b. Entry of the virus into the host cell by endocytosis (cell takes the virus in)
c. The uncoating of the virus head
iii. The host cell degrades/ breaks down the head of the virus (it eats the head) releasing the viral DNA ( the host cell things the virus DNA is its own and therefore it does not eat the DNA) |
|
|
Term
| provirus life cycle (d-g) |
|
Definition
d. The host cell transports the viral DNA to its nucleus
e. The host cell attaches viral DNA to one of its chromosomes
f. No take over and no shutdown – infected lives and reproduces as usual
g. The viral DNA (virogene) is replicated with the host cell DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- If the viral DNA ever separates from the host DNA take over and shutdown host cell and go to steps f-k of the productive life cycle – slow virus disease –
- Chicken pox and shingles are the same virus
- If the virogene separates from the host DNA but does not take over the cell it can cause a mutation of that cell cancer |
|
|
Term
| Lytic life cycle of a bacterial virus(a-d) |
|
Definition
a. Attachment of the virus to the wall of a bacteria
b. Injection of viral DNA through hollow tail
c. Viral DNA attaches to the bacterial DNA
d. Viral DNA takes over and shuts down the bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Lytic life cycle of a bacterial virus(e-i) |
|
Definition
e. New viral DNA copies are made 100-200
f. New viral heads, tails etc are made
g. Assembly
h. Bacteria bursts open releasing the viruses
i. Re-infection |
|
|
Term
| Lysogenic life cycle of a bacterial virus |
|
Definition
a. Attachment
b. Injection
c. Viral DNA attaches to the bacterial DNA
d. No take out no shutdown
e. Prophage – viral DNA remains attached to bacterial DNA |
|
|
Term
| Two main defenses against these viruses |
|
Definition
1) neutralizing antibodies
2) interferons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proteins made by the immune system against a specific virus after exposure to that virus
antibodies will remain in circulation for years and will attach and cover the head of that same virus type
blocking the virus from attaching to body cells
• vaccines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteins made in virus infected cells
Interferons pass into surrounding cell and black virus take over and replication in these cells
Interferons are non- specific |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) DNA inhibitors
2) Protease inhibitors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Idoxuridine
• Methisazone
• AZT
• Amantadine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Retrovir
• Acyclovir
• Inverase |
|
|
