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Microbiology Test 1
Maryville College; Biology255
98
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
02/22/2010

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Term
What type of organisms fall under Prokaryotes?
Definition
Bacteria
Term
What are the types of organisms that fall under the category "Eukaryotes"?
Definition
Fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths
Term
What types of organisms fall under Archeae?
Definition
Archaeabacteria
Term
What types of organisms do not fall under the classifications Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, or Archaea?
Definition
Viruses and prions.
Term
Function: Rough ER
Definition
surface for ribosome to sit on and is site of protein synthesis
Term
Function: Smooth ER
Definition
site of lipid synthesis
Term
Function: Golgi body
Definition
protein folding/modification, sugar synthesis to add proteins
Term
Function: nucleus
Definition
DNA storage/replication
Term
Function: mitochondria
Definition
ATP synthesis (respiration)
Term
Function: chloroplast
Definition
site of photosynthesis
Term
Function: lysosome
Definition
digestion, self destruction
Term
Function: cytoplasmic membrane
Definition
phospholipid bilayer with proteins to transport in and out
Term
Function: cell walls
Definition
adds structure/protection (only in plants, fungi, algae, some protozoa)
Term
Function: glycocalyx
Definition
communication, adherence, protection; in cells without cell walls and is a loose sticky carbohydrate coating
Term
Antiport
Definition
Active transport where 1 molecule goes with the gradient and is coupled to the movement of another molecule moving against the gradient.
Term
Symport
Definition
Active transport where two molecules are moved across the membrane in the same direction.
Term
Uniport
Definition
Active transport where only one molecule is transported across the membrane.
Term
Active transport requires ___.
Definition
ATP
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
is phagocytosis where molecules are engulfed in the cell by wrapping the cell membrane around the molecule.
Term
Facilitative diffusion does/does not require energy.
Definition
does not
Term
Two types of glycocalyces and their definitions.
Definition
Capsule: tight, organized repeated units, protection from dessication and identification by host

Slime layer: loose for attachment, keeps cell hydrated
Term
Polar flagella
Definition
One of few located on only one end
Term
Peritrichous flagella
Definition
Flagella covering entire cell
Term
Endoflagella
Definition
inside cell membrane
Term
Function: basal body
Definition
anchors flagella into cell wall
Term
Flagella run
Definition
cell moves in one direction by counter-clockwise rotation of flagella to stimuli, which can be either light or chemical
Term
Flagella tumble
Definition
random movement due to clockwise rotation of flagella
Term
Fimbriae
Definition
nonmotile, used for adhesion, important in biofilms
Term
pili
Definition
longer than fimbriae, shorter than flagella; can be used to exchange genetic material; movement by sticking and pulling self forward
Term
Bacterial cell walls are composed of ___________.
Definition
peptidoglycan
Term
Gram positive bacteria stain _______ because ________.
Definition
purple; it absorbs the crystal violet dye
Term
Gram negative bacteria stain _______ because ________.
Definition
pink; it absorbs the counterstain, safarin
Term
Teichoic acids
Definition
part of the peptidoglycan of gram + bacterial cell walls, which may be linked to proteins and help anchor cell to surface or membrane to wall
Term
LPS (lipopolysaccharides)
Definition
in the membrane of gram - bacteria; is an endotoxin (that is technically on the outside); lipid A of the LPS leads to fever, inflammation, and shock because it elicits an immune response
Term
Cytoplasmic membrane
Definition
phospholipid bilayer; 1/2 mass is proteins; controls transportaion in/out of cell; stores energy (no mito) and harvesting of light energy (no chloro)
Term
Endospores
Definition
highly durable bacteria cell only formed by certain bacteria; one cell gives one spore; 1/2 DNA is degraded
Term
Endospores
Definition
highly durable bacteria cell only formed by certain bacteria; one cell gives one spore; 1/2 DNA is degraded
Term
Endospores
Definition
highly durable bacteria cell only formed by certain bacteria; one cell gives one spore; 1/2 DNA is degraded
Term
Inclusions
Definition
storage vessicles; deposits of nutriens within prokaryote cell; gas containing vesicles in cyanobacteria;
Term
What are the steps in the Gram stain procedure?
Definition
1. Smear bacteria on the slide before giving it time to dry and heat fixing. 2. Flood the slide with crystal violet for one minute, then rinse with water. 3. Flood slide with iodine to make the dye less soluble. 4. Wash the slide with decolorizing agent and then water. 5. Flood slide with safarin as a counterstain. Then wash with water and let dry.
Term
Organisms can be classified into these two groups based on their source of carbon:
Definition
autotrophs: inorganic C
heterotrophs: organic C
Term
Organisms can be categorized into these two groups based on their source of energy:
Definition
Chemotrophs: redox reactions

Phototrophs: light
Term
Organisms can be categorized into two groups based on their source of electrons:
Definition
organotrophs: organic compounds

lithotrophs: inorganic compounds (hidrogen gas, NO2-, H2S, Fe2+)
Term
Photolithoautotroph examples
Definition
purple and green sulfur bacteria; cyanobacteria
Term
Photoorganoheterotroph examples
Definition
purple nonsulfur bacteria; green nonsulfur bacteria
Term
chemolithoautotrophs examples
Definition
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, hydrogen oxidizing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria
Term
chemoorganoheterotrophs examples
Definition
most non-photosyn. microbes (bacteria, fungi, protists, archaea)
Term
obligate aerobes
Definition
must have oxygen
Term
facultative anaerobes
Definition
like and grow well with oxygen, but can survive through other means if necessary
Term
obligate anaerobes
Definition
can only grow with no oxygen; most use anaerobic respiration; oxygen kills
Term
aerotolerant anaerobes
Definition
don't use oxygen but aren't harmed by it
Term
microaerophiles
Definition
like between 2 and 10% oxygen (very little)
Term
toxic forms of oxygen:
Definition
1.singlet oxygen (photosynthesis)
2. superoxide radicals (aerobic and anaerobic resp)
3. peroxides (superoxide dismutase)
4. hydroxides (ionizing radiation or incomplete reduction of hydrogen peroxide)
Term
How do cells get rid of singlet oxygen?
Definition
(Formed during photosynthesis) Carotenoids are used to remove excess energy
Term
How do cells get rid of superoxide radicals?
Definition
(Formed during aerobic and anaerobic respiration); Aerobes produce superoxide dismutases to detoxify
Term
How do cells get rid of peroxide anions?
Definition
(Formed by superoxide dismutase); Aerobes contain either catalaseor peroxidase to detoxify peroxide anion
Term
How do cells get rid of a hydroxyl radical?
Definition
(Formed from ionizing radiation or incomplete reduction of hydrogen peroxide); aerobes use catalse and peroxidase, so this is not a threat
Term
What do cells use nitrogen for?
Definition
N is needed to synthesize nucleotides, proteins, carbohydrates, some lipids, and cofactors.
Term
What do cells require phosphorus for?
Definition
It is used for ATP, phospholipids, DNA/RNA, and proteins.
Term
What do cells require sulfur for?
Definition
It is required for cysteine and methianine and disulfide bonds.
Term
Growth factor
Definition
any organic compound an organism needs but cannot produce itself (such as essential aa's, certain nucleotides in certain organisms, NADH in some, and vitamins)
Term
vitamin
Definition
small organic molecule that can act as a cofactor
Term
Temperature affects on growth
Definition
Proteins can denature; lipid-containing membranes of cells and organelles can change ridigity; optimum temp is usually closer to max than min
Term
psychrophiles
Definition
like cold <15 degree C
Term
mesophiles
Definition
like temps between 20-40 degree C
Term
thermophiles
Definition
like temps between 45-70 degree C
Term
hyperthermophiles
Definition
like temps 80+ degree C, near ocean vents
Term
pH affects on growth:
Definition
affects H bonding and protonization
Term
neutrophiles
Definition
pH 6.5-7.5
Term
acidophiles
Definition
ph < 6.5
Term
alkalinophiles
Definition
pH > 7.5
Term
functions of water for cells:
Definition
maintain cell rigidity, chemical reactions, maintains osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
Term
hypotonic solute
Definition
[solute] is less than cell's []; water will rush into cell to even [] and cell swells
Term
hypertonic solution
Definition
[solute] is higher than cell's []; water exits and cell shrinks
Term
obligate halophiles
Definition
must live in salt, up to 30%
Term
facultative halophiles
Definition
can tolerate high [salt] (organisms that live on skin)
Term
barophiles
Definition
organisms that live under extreme pressure
Term
antagonistic relationship
Definition
one organisms kills other
Term
synergistic relationship
Definition
beneficial to both organisms, but they do not have to be together
Term
sympiotic relationship
Definition
interdependent
Term
types of symbiotic relationships:
Definition
mutualism: both benefit
commensalism: one benefits
parasitism: one benefits, one harmed
Term
biofilm
Definition
complex relationships among numerous bacteria that forms on surfaces often as a result of quorum sensing
Term
quorum sensing
Definition
process by which bacteria respond to changes in microbial density by utilizing signal and receptor molecules
Term
parts of the bacterial growth curve:
Definition
x axis - time; y axis - log of cell#
1.lag phase 2.log (exponential) phase 3. stationary phase 4. death (decline)phase
Term
Defined media
Definition
composition is known exactly
Term
Complex media
Definition
composed of digested things from other organisms
Term
Selective media
Definition
only certain organisms will grow on it
Term
Differential media
Definition
allows visible differences between different bacteria
Term
Anaerobic growth techniques
Definition
1.stab culture 2.reducing media (liquid) 3. plates grown in gaspack jars; all work in anaerobic box
Term
Microaerophile growth techniques
Definition
require 3-10% oxygen; in a CO2 incubator; grown in a gaspack jar (aka candle jar)
Term
Enrichment culture
Definition
favors growth of specific bacteria over background microflora
Term
Direct methods for measuring microbial growth:
Definition
1.viable plate count 2.membrane filtration 3.visual cell count 4.flow cytometry 5.most probable #
Term
Viable plate count
Definition
Dilution samples are made from the original colony, assume each colony is derived from 1 cell and do backwards math
Term
membrane filtration
Definition
filter cells and then count growth colonies; good for small #
Term
visual cell count
Definition
known volume in squares viewed under scope and physically count; main disadvantage is dead cells are also counted
Term
flow cytometry
Definition
used for euk cells; shoot light across liquid stream w fluor detector and light scatter that helps with size and shape; sort cells based on characteristic
Term
most probable number
Definition
used for bacteria; live cell count; bacteria that don't grow well on solid media; take original solution, dilute it 2x, innoculate 5 tubes from each; look result up on most probable # table
Term
indirect method of measuring microbial growth
Definition
measures turbidity using a spectrophotometer; relationship preknown between count and turbidity using plate count
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