Gel-like layer that surrounds some cells and generally functions as a mechanism of either protection (from phagocytes) or attachment

"Sugar sheet"

Glycocalyces are well organized and closely associated with the cell

Tightly adheres to the cell

Has regular layers

Type of glycocalyx that is diffuse and irregular

Much less organized

Not closely attached to the cell ("stringy")

The process after the slime layer has been produced and other bacteria adhere to the surface creating a layer of bacteria

Pseudomonas (Water Systems: Filters)

In prokaryotes, a long protein appendage composed of subunits of flagellin that provides a mechanism of motility

Made of flagellin and many other structural proteins

Studs and C ring

Doesn't turn

Helps conduct the electricity from protons

In the inner membrane

S ring and M ring

Moves to make the rings move to move the hook

Current flows from the rotor to the stator by use of protons

In the inner membrane

L and P rings

Used to reduce the friction

Also used to anchor it in

The switch to turn one direction or the other

Clockwise or counter clockwise

In the stator

Directed movement of an organism in response to a certain chemical in the environment (attractant)

How bacteria find nutrients

Flagella in bundle

CCW for E. coli

Alternates with tumble to create random walk

Flagella spinning in opposite direction and are disarrayed

CW for E. coli

Alternates with run for random walk

A sensory receptor that transduces a chemical signal to detect chemical stimuli in the environment

How bacteria find nutrients, use the concentration to determine if they are getting closer

When something gets used to the environment

This tells the bacteria that the concentration of nutrient isn't increases and that it needs to go in a different direction

Hairlike appendages on many Gram-negative bacteria that function in conjugation and for attachment

Used for motility

Electron transfer between cells

Longer than the others

Pulls cells together (no DNA thru pilius)

Transmission of DNA from one bacterium to another through conjugation, DNA-mediated transformation, or transduction

Swap DNA with another bacteria

Pulls cells close together (F-pilus

Bacteria can extend pilus to more than one bacterium

Move by "twitching" toward it

polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules

Another way that bacteria can store carbon besides glycogen

Has properties of plastic --> plastic is biodegradeable

polyphosphate (volutin) granules

sulfur granules

Stores sulfur and electrons

e^- + S --> H₂S

H₂S --> SO₄^2- + e^-

Enzymes that reduce CO₂

Only in organisms that reduce CO₂

chlorosomes

Store gas for floating

Especially in photosynthetic organisms

Used to direct bacteria in the soil

Which way is north and south (east and west?)

A kind of resting cell, characteristic of a limited number of bacterial species; highly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants

Highly resistant to damage

Form during starvation, 7 stages

Germinate in response to nutrient availability

<10 form endospores

2nd step creating endospore

The committed step

Cell divides asymmetrically

Big: Mother Cell

Small: Forespore

3rd step of formation of endospore

Mother cell engulfs the forespore

Core wall from spore; outer cortex from mother

Put in spongy PG (has fewer side chains) to absorb water between the membranes, loose and expansible

Lots of proteins from the mother cell to surround spore

Protects against dehydration and UV and chemical damage

Makes up the core

Wrap DNA up so DNA is inactive to protect the DNA

Binds Ca²⁺

Dries out and inactivates core

Sucks water from core to make core dry