Caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Not the normal pneumonia, mild symptoms

May cause bronchitits

Often not treated

Protein used by Mycoplasma pneumoniae to bind to the host cell, but NOT be internalized by the cell

Seen with Mycoplasmal ("walking") pneumonia

Whooping cough is seen in children, and adults have pertussis in the form of just a "chronic cold" that can be easily spread to children.

Shortness of breath, vomitting, can cough so hard that blood vessels burst which can lead to seizures

This is an AB₅ toxin and the A part are ADP-ribosylates which is an inhibitor of cAMP synthesis

This lack of inhibition causes a runaway of cAMP which causes an increase in mucous secretion making it harder to breathe

The "aP" in DTaP, use only a portion of the cell

This is what causes the immunity to pertussis

Because adults never had this part of the vaccine and they just seem to have a chronic cough they don't know that it could be more serious in kids and cause whooping cough

This is why adults need to get vaccinated with this vaccine

Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Grows slowly so hard to treat with antibiotics

Causes fatigue, fever, rapid weight loss, cough w/blood-tinged sputum

Caused by Tuberculosis

Causes inflammatory response (edema, inflammation, and PMNLs)

Decides whether to heal, necrotize the lung, or produce lesion (granuloma)

When the immune system cannot fight of the invader and so they continually recruit other cells (like PMNs) to the site of infection and continue to secrete cytokines

Creates a ball of immune cells around the invader

A granuloma that is able to encase the infected cell and prevent it from spreading to other places in the body

Not very infectious

Tuberculosis that is spread via the blood to the liver, bone marrow, and lungs

Creates tiny lesions in the body

Macrophages in the aveoli that try to eat up any foreign invaders that get into the lungs

Respiratory drops that cause TB invade aveolar macrophages which prevent phagolysosome fusion so Mycobacterium tuberculosis can live in the macrophage

Because people who are homeless are more at risk for TB the drugs used to treat TB are sold on the streets

So clinics and other health care facilities that dispense these drugs have to check the patient's mouth to make sure they took the meds and don't sell them for money

These kinds of TB are resistant to a lot of therapies

Their particular strain is difficult to treat

Used for TB in other countries

It contains a live non-pathogenic strain

The US doesn't use this vaccine because there aren't a lot of people with the disease that we would have to worry about an epidemic

BCG vaccines will test positive for the PPD or TB test (create a type IV HS reaction)

We mostly talked about type A (caused by orthomyxovirus)

In 8 segments which can be used for reassortment

It is a bird virus, but also affects humans and pigs

Passed by respiratory droplets

Both are spike proteins on the surface of Influenza A virus (orthomyxovirus)

Hemagglutinin: used for binding to host cell

Neuraminidase: used to release the virus after binding to and replicating in the cell

Shift: Causes a major change in virus, when RNA segments reassort in alternate host (pig or human), combo of two viruses

Drift: Minor change, caused by an RNA virus that doesn't have any kind of proofreading because RNA pol can't proofread

Mistakes with RNA pol do not happen very often (which is why it only causes minor changes)

Occurs during the antigenic SHIFT

Two viruses invade one cell and they mix and match their genetic info creating a recombinant virus

This causes increased variablity preventing any type of immune response because it would't recognize it

The three major pandemics of the 20th century

Caused by Influenza A

Named for its origin, year, and H and N types

Is expected to be the next pandemic in the next 25 years

Hasn't been able to spread person to person just bird to person

It's hemagglutinin hasn't found a way to bind to our cells effectively yet

This is how the different types of flu are named

Named for its type, origin, year, and H and N types

This may be refering to the Spanish Flu?

(same type and year and H and N)

One of the treatments used for influenza

Blocks the binding of hemagglutinin and virus uncoating

One of the treatments for influenza

Prevents neuraminidase from releasing budding viruses, so virus cannot spread within the host

A live attenuated nasal spray vaccine for influenza

A little better than the shot vaccines

Caused by paramyoxvirus (like measles), not blood-borne

binds to lower respiratory epithelium and causes sloughing of bronchiole lining

The irritation can cause bronchiolitis

Causes fusion of epithelial cells into syncytia

No immunity or treatment or vaccine

The inflammation of the brochioles

Occurs in infants frequently

Caused by bunyvirus

Inhaled by dust aerosols from infected rodents (found in the southwest)

Causes fever, musle aches, nausea, the progressive loss of lung function, shock and death

Affects capillary lining in lungs, plasma leaks into lungs, then hypovolemia causes shock and death

Caused by a fungus called Histoplasma capsulatum

Grows in soil contaminated with bird/bat droppings

Mold inhaled and spores transition to yeast form which enter macrophages and form granulomas

Common in Ohio and Mississippi River valleys

Caused by a fungus, Coccidioides immitis

Mold form grows in dry soil in SW USA, Mexico, pampas (in South America)

Athrospores (mold spores) enter lungs --> spherules --> endospores which cause immune response

Macrophages engulf and release cytokines, forms granuloman (hard to kill)

What the spherules release in Coccidiodomycosis

Triggers the immune response

Causes formation of granulomas